Somewhere along the line, somebody decided to remove all trace of this
notation from the documentation text.  It was still in the command syntax
synopses, or at least some of them, but with no indication what it meant.
This will not do, as evidenced by the confusion apparent in bug #7543;
even if the notation is now unnecessary, people will find it in legacy
SQL code and need to know what it does.

Some experimentation with examples similar to bug #7539 has convinced me
that indxpath.c's original implementation of parameterized-path generation
was several bricks shy of a load.  In general, if we are relying on a
particular outer rel or set of outer rels for a parameterized path, the
path should use every indexable join clause that's available from that rel
or rels.  Any join clauses that get left out of the indexqual will end up
getting applied as plain filter quals (qpquals), and that's generally a
significant loser compared to having the index AM enforce them.  (This is
particularly true with btree, which can skip the index scan entirely if
it can see that the given indexquals are mutually contradictory.)  The
original heuristics failed to ensure this, though, and were overly
complicated anyway.  Rewrite to make the code explicitly identify each
useful set of outer rels and then select all applicable join clauses for
each one.  The one plan that changes in the regression tests is in fact
for the better according to the planner's cost estimates.

(Note: this is not a correctness issue but just a matter of plan quality.
I don't yet know what is going on in bug #7539, but I don't expect this
change to fix that.)

Recovery code documents clearly that a shutdown checkpoint is executed at
end of recovery - a shutdown checkpoint WAL record is written but the buffer
manager had been altered to treat end of recovery as a normal checkpoint.
This bug exacerbates the bufmgr relpersistence bug.

Bug spotted by Andres Freund, patch by me.

The documentation mentioned setting autovacuum_freeze_max_age to
"its maximum allowed value of a little less than two billion".
This led to a post asking about the exact maximum allowed value,
which is precisely two billion, not "a little less".

Based on question by Radovan Jablonovsky.  Backpatch to 8.3.

Back-patch commits 9afc6481 and
b8fbbcf3.  The first of these is really
a minor code cleanup to save a few cycles, but it turns out to provide
a workaround for the misoptimization problem described in bug #7516.
The second commit adds a regression test case.

Back-patch the fix to all active branches.  The test case only works
as far back as 9.0, because it relies on plpgsql which isn't installed
by default before that.  (I didn't have success modifying it into an
all-plperl form that still provoked a crash, though this may just reflect
my lack of Perl-fu.)

This can result in buffers failing to be properly flushed at
checkpoint time, leading to data loss.

Report, diagnosis, and patch by Jeff Davis.

In commit 1bc16a94 I added a minor
optimization to drop the component variables of a GROUP BY expression from
the target list computed at the aggregation level of a query, if those Vars
weren't referenced elsewhere in the tlist.  However, I overlooked that the
window-function planning code would deconstruct such expressions and thus
need to have access to their component variables.  Fix it to not do that.

While at it, I removed the distinction between volatile and nonvolatile
window partition/order expressions: the code now computes all of them
at the aggregation level.  This saves a relatively expensive check for
volatility, and it's unclear that the resulting plan isn't better anyway.

Per bug #7535 from Louis-David Mitterrand.  Back-patch to 9.2.

Backpatch to 9.2.

Etsuro Fujit

Backpatch to 9.2.

Dan Scott

Backpatch original commit 4bc0d2e2
to 9.1

I made multiple errors in commit 97532f7c,
stemming mostly from failure to think about the available frequency data
as being element frequencies not value frequencies (so that occurrences of
different elements are not mutually exclusive).  This led to sillinesses
such as estimating that "word" would match more rows than "word:*".

The choice to clamp to a minimum estimate of DEFAULT_TS_MATCH_SEL also
seems pretty ill-considered in hindsight, as it would frequently result in
an estimate much larger than the available data suggests.  We do need some
sort of clamp, since a pattern not matching any of the MCELEMs probably
still needs a selectivity estimate of more than zero.  I chose instead to
clamp to at least what a non-MCELEM word would be estimated as, preserving
the property that "word:*" doesn't get an estimate less than plain "word",
whether or not the word appears in MCELEM.

Per investigation of a gripe from Bill Martin, though I suspect that his
example case actually isn't even reaching the erroneous code.

Back-patch to 9.1 where this code was introduced.

This follows recent addition of Windows/Mingw testing.
Backpatch to Release 9.2 so we can get some buildfarm testing
going.

validate_plperl_function() supposed that it could free an old
plperl_proc_desc struct immediately upon detecting that it was stale.
However, if a plperl function is called recursively, this could result
in deleting the struct out from under an outer invocation, leading to
misbehavior or crashes.  Add a simple reference-count mechanism to
ensure that such structs are freed only when the last reference goes
away.

Per investigation of bug #7516 from Marko Tiikkaja.  I am not certain
that this error explains his report, because he says he didn't have
any recursive calls --- but it's hard to see how else it could have
crashed right there.  In any case, this definitely fixes some problems
in the area.

Back-patch to all active branches.

Investigation shows that some intermittent build failures in ecpg are the
result of a gmake bug that was reported quite some time ago:
http://savannah.gnu.org/bugs/?30653

Preventing parallel builds of the ecpg subdirectories seems to dodge the
bug.  Per yesterday's pgsql-hackers discussion, there are some other things
in the subdirectory makefiles that seem rather unsafe for parallel builds
too, but there's little point in fixing them as long as we have to work
around a make bug.

Back-patch to 9.1; parallel builds weren't very well supported before
that anyway.

Commit 2cfb1c6f fixed some issues caused
by Python 3.3 choosing to iterate through dict entries in a different order
than before.  But here's another one: the test cases adjusted here made two
bad entries in a dict and expected the one complained of would always be
the same.

Possibly this should be back-patched further than 9.2, but there seems
little point unless the earlier fix is too.

The planner previously assumed that parameter Vars having the same absolute
query level, varno, and varattno could safely be assigned the same runtime
PARAM_EXEC slot, even though they might be different Vars appearing in
different subqueries.  This was (probably) safe before the introduction of
CTEs, but the lazy-evalution mechanism used for CTEs means that a CTE can
be executed during execution of some other subquery, causing the lifespan
of Params at the same syntactic nesting level as the CTE to overlap with
use of the same slots inside the CTE.  In 9.1 we created additional hazards
by using the same parameter-assignment technology for nestloop inner scan
parameters, but it was broken before that, as illustrated by the added
regression test.

To fix, restructure the planner's management of PlannerParamItems so that
items having different semantic lifespans are kept rigorously separated.
This will probably result in complex queries using more runtime PARAM_EXEC
slots than before, but the slots are cheap enough that this hardly matters.
Also, stop generating PlannerParamItems containing Params for subquery
outputs: all we really need to do is reserve the PARAM_EXEC slot number,
and that now only takes incrementing a counter.  The planning code is
simpler and probably faster than before, as well as being more correct.

Per report from Vik Reykja.

Back-patch of commit 46c508fb into all
branches that support WITH.

This affects initdb, clusterdb, reindexdb, and vacuumdb in master
and 9.2; in earlier branches, only initdb is affected.

Shigeru Hanada

If we call pg_ctl stop, the server might continue and thus
hold a log file for a short time after it has deleted its pid file,
(which is when pg_ctl will exit), and so a subsequent attempt to
open the log file might fail.

We therefore try to open it a few times, sleeping one second between
tries, to give the server time to exit.

This corrects an error that was observed on the buildfarm.

Backpatched to 9.2,

When the startup process restores a WAL file from the archive, it deletes
any old file with the same name and renames the new file in its place. On
Windows, however, when a file is deleted, it still lingers as long as a
process holds a file handle open on it. With cascading replication, a
walsender process can hold the old file open, so the rename() in the startup
process would fail. To fix that, rename the old file to a temporary name, to
make the original file name available for reuse, before deleting the old
file.

Give the correct name of the GUC parameter being complained of.
Also, emit a more suitable SQLSTATE (INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE,
not the default INTERNAL_ERROR).

Gurjeet Singh, errcode adjustment by me

Also, set the release date to 2012-09-10, since we're pretty well
committed to that now.

Call pg_dumpall using -f switch instead of redirection, to avoid
writing the output in text mode and generating spurious carriage
returns. Remove to carriage return ignoring hack introduced by
commit e442b0f0.

Backpatch to 9.2.

pg_upgrade opened the output from pg_dumpall in text mode and
wrote the split files in text mode. This caused unwanted eating
of intended carriage returns on input and production of spurious
carriage returns on output. To avoid this, open all these files
in binary mode. On non-Windows platforms, this change has no
effect.

Backpatch to 9.0. On 9.0 and 9.1, we also switch from redirecting
pg_dumpall's output to using pg_dumpall's -f switch, for the same
reason.

Perl, for some unaccountable reason, believes it's a good idea to reset
SIGFPE handling to SIG_IGN.  Which wouldn't be a good idea even if it
worked; but on some platforms (Linux at least) it doesn't work at all,
instead resulting in forced process termination if the signal occurs.
Given the lack of other complaints, it seems safe to assume that Perl
never actually provokes SIGFPE and so there is no value in the setting
anyway.  Hence, reset it to our normal handler after initializing Perl.

Report, analysis and patch by Andres Freund.

This is just neatnik-ism, but since we do it for comparable code in elog.c,
we may as well do it here.

Reported by Peter Eisentraut.

on Windows.  Slightly cleanup log output on Windows given this
restriction.

Backpatch to 9.2.

The cascading replication code assumed that the current RecoveryTargetTLI
never changes, but that's not true with recovery_target_timeline='latest'.
The obvious upshot of that is that RecoveryTargetTLI in shared memory needs
to be protected by a lock. A less obvious consequence is that when a
cascading standby is connected, and the standby switches to a new target
timeline after scanning the archive, it will continue to stream WAL to the
cascading standby, but from a wrong file, ie. the file of the previous
timeline. For example, if the standby is currently streaming from the middle
of file 000000010000000000000005, and the timeline changes, the standby
will continue to stream from that file. However, the WAL on the new
timeline is in file 000000020000000000000005, so the standby sends garbage
from 000000010000000000000005 to the cascading standby, instead of the
correct WAL from file 000000020000000000000005.

This also fixes a related bug where a partial WAL segment is restored from
the archive and streamed to a cascading standby. The code assumed that when
a WAL segment is copied from the archive, it can immediately be fully
streamed to a cascading standby. However, if the segment is only partially
filled, ie. has the right size, but only N first bytes contain valid WAL,
that's not safe. That can happen if a partial WAL segment is manually copied
to the archive, or if a partial WAL segment is archived because a server is
started up on a new timeline within that segment. The cascading standby will
get confused if the WAL it received is not valid, and will get stuck until
it's restarted. This patch fixes that problem by not allowing WAL restored
from the archive to be streamed to a cascading standby until it's been
replayed, and thus validated.

Serializable Snapshot Isolation used for serializable transactions
depends on acquiring SIRead locks on all heap relation tuples which
are used to generate the query result, so that a later delete or
update of any of the tuples can flag a read-write conflict between
transactions.  This is normally handled in heapam.c, with tuple level
locking.  Since an index-only scan avoids heap access in many cases,
building the result from the index tuple, the necessary predicate
locks were not being acquired for all tuples in an index-only scan.

To prevent problems with tuple IDs which are vacuumed and re-used
while the transaction still matters, the xmin of the tuple is part of
the tag for the tuple lock.  Since xmin is not available to the
index-only scan for result rows generated from the index tuples, it
is not possible to acquire a tuple-level predicate lock in such
cases, in spite of having the tid.  If we went to the heap to get the
xmin value, it would no longer be an index-only scan.  Rather than
prohibit index-only scans under serializable transaction isolation,
we acquire an SIRead lock on the page containing the tuple, when it
was not necessary to visit the heap for other reasons.

Backpatch to 9.2.

Kevin Grittner and Tom Lane

Each setup block is run as a single PQexec submission, and some
statements such as VACUUM cannot be combined with others in such a
block.

Backpatch to 9.2.

Kevin Grittner and Tom Lane

with a socket directory mismatch with the new server.

Backpatch to 9.2.

Backpatch to 9.2.