And the same for do_pg_stop_backup. The code in do_pg_* is not allowed
to access the catalogs. For manual base backups, the permissions
check can be handled in the calling function, and for streaming
base backups only users with the required permissions can get past
the authentication step in the first place.

Reported by Antonin Houska, diagnosed by Andres Freund

If a tablespace was crated inside PGDATA it was backed up both as part
of the PGDATA backup and as the backup of the tablespace. Avoid this
by skipping any directory inside PGDATA that contains one of the active
tablespaces.

Dimitri Fontaine and Magnus Hagander

Several previous commits have added columns to various \d queries without
updating their translate_columns[] arrays, leading to potentially incorrect
translations in NLS-enabled builds.  Offenders include commit 89368676
(added prosecdef to \df+), c9ac00e6 (added description to \dc+) and
3b17efdf (added description to \dC+).  Fix those cases back to 9.3 or
9.2 as appropriate.

Since this is evidently more easily missed than one would like, in HEAD
also add an Assert that the supplied array is long enough.  This requires
an API change for printQuery(), so it seems inappropriate for back
branches, but presumably all future changes will be tested in HEAD anyway.

In HEAD and 9.3, also clean up a whole lot of sloppiness in the emitted
SQL for \dy (event triggers): lack of translatability due to failing to
pass words-to-be-translated through gettext_noop(), inadequate schema
qualification, and sloppy formatting resulting in unnecessarily ugly
-E output.

Peter Eisentraut and Tom Lane, per bug #8702 from Sergey Burladyan

When trying to connect to a given database libecpg should not try using an
empty hostname if no hostname was given.

There was an apparent attempt to limit the target database for
pg_restore to version 7.1.0 or later.  Due to a leading zero this
was interpreted as an octal number, which allowed targets with
version numbers down to 2.87.36.  The lowest actual release above
that was 6.0.0, so that was effectively the limit.

Since the success of the restore attempt will depend primarily on
on what statements were generated by the dump run, we don't want
pg_restore trying to guess whether a given target should be allowed
based on version number.  Allow a connection to any version.  Since
it is very unlikely that anyone would be using a recent version of
pg_restore to restore to a pre-6.0 database, this has little to no
practical impact, but it makes the code less confusing to read.

Issue reported and initial patch suggestion from Joel Jacobson
based on an article by Andrey Karpov reporting on issues found by
PVS-Studio static code analyzer.  Final patch based on analysis by
Tom Lane.  Back-patch to all supported branches.

Instead of looking for characters that aren't valid in JSON numbers, we
simply pass the output string through the JSON number parser, and if it
fails the string is quoted. This means among other things that money and
domains over money will be quoted correctly and generate valid JSON.

Fixes bug #8676 reported by Anderson Cristian da Silva.

Backpatched to 9.2 where JSON generation was introduced.

The bug would only show up if the C sockaddr structure contained
zero in the first byte for a valid address; otherwise it would
fail to fail, which is probably why it went unnoticed for so long.

Patch submitted by Joel Jacobson after seeing an article by Andrey
Karpov in which he reports finding this through static code
analysis using PVS-Studio.  While I was at it I moved a definition
of a local variable referenced in the buggy code to a more local
context.

Backpatch to all supported branches.

When locale is "ja_JP.SJIS", nl_langinfo(CODESET) returns "SHIFT_JIS"
on some platforms, at least on RedHat Linux. So the encoding/locale
match table (encoding_match_list) needs the entry. Otherwise client
encoding is set to SQL_ASCII.

Back patch to all supported branches.

Fix an oversight in commit b3aaf908: we do
indeed need to process the planner's append_rel_list when copying RTE
subqueries, because if any of them were flattenable UNION ALL subqueries,
the append_rel_list shows which subquery RTEs were pulled up out of which
other ones.  Without this, UNION ALL subqueries aren't correctly inserted
into the update plans for inheritance child tables after the first one,
typically resulting in no update happening for those child table(s).
Per report from Victor Yegorov.

Experimentation with this case also exposed a fault in commit
a7b96538: if an inherited UPDATE/DELETE
was proven totally dummy by constraint exclusion, we might arrive at
add_rtes_to_flat_rtable with root->simple_rel_array being NULL.  This
should be interpreted as not having any RelOptInfos.  I chose to code
the guard as a check against simple_rel_array_size, so as to also
provide some protection against indexing off the end of the array.

Back-patch to 9.2 where the faulty code was added.

This prevents a possible longjmp out of the signal handler if a timeout
or SIGINT occurs while something within the handler has transiently set
ImmediateInterruptOK.  For safety we must hold off the timeout or cancel
error until we're back in mainline, or at least till we reach the end of
the signal handler when ImmediateInterruptOK was true at entry.  This
syncs these functions with the logic now present in handle_sig_alarm.

AFAICT there is no live bug here in 9.0 and up, because I don't think we
currently can wait for any heavyweight lock inside these functions, and
there is no other code (except read-from-client) that will turn on
ImmediateInterruptOK.  However, that was not true pre-9.0: in older
branches ProcessIncomingNotify might block trying to lock pg_listener, and
then a SIGINT could lead to undesirable control flow.  It might be all
right anyway given the relatively narrow code ranges in which NOTIFY
interrupts are enabled, but for safety's sake I'm back-patching this.

Pointed out by Gianni Ciolli.

Make the COPY test, which loads most of the large static tables used in
the tests, also explicitly ANALYZE those tables.  This allows us to get
rid of various ad-hoc, and rather redundant, ANALYZE commands that had
gotten stuck into various test scripts over time to ensure we got
consistent plan choices.  (We could have done a database-wide ANALYZE,
but that would cause stats to get attached to the small static tables
too, which results in plan changes compared to the historical behavior.
I'm not sure that's a good idea, so not going that far for now.)

Back-patch to 9.0, since 9.0 and 9.1 are currently sometimes failing
regression tests for lack of an "ANALYZE tenk1" in the subselect test.
There's no need for this in 8.4 since we didn't print any plans back
then.

An expression such as WHERE (... x IN (SELECT ...) ...) IN (SELECT ...)
could produce an invalid plan that results in a crash at execution time,
if the planner attempts to flatten the outer IN into a semi-join.
This happens because convert_testexpr() was not expecting any nested
SubLinks and would wrongly replace any PARAM_SUBLINK Params belonging
to the inner SubLink.  (I think the comment denying that this case could
happen was wrong when written; it's certainly been wrong for quite a long
time, since very early versions of the semijoin flattening logic.)

Per report from Teodor Sigaev.  Back-patch to all supported branches.

Previous commit e5de6012 modified dblink
to ensure client encoding matched the server. However the added
PQsetClientEncoding() call added significant overhead. Restore original
performance in the common case where client encoding already matches
server encoding by doing nothing in that case. Applies to all active
branches.

Issue reported and work sponsored by Zonar Systems.

Current OpenSSL code includes a BIO_clear_retry_flags() step in the
sock_write() function.  Either we failed to copy the code correctly, or
they added this since we copied it.  In any case, lack of the clear step
appears to be the cause of the server lockup after connection loss reported
in bug #8647 from Valentine Gogichashvili.  Assume that this is correct
coding for all OpenSSL versions, and hence back-patch to all supported
branches.

Diagnosis and patch by Alexander Kukushkin.

Insertion to a non-leaf GIN page didn't make a full-page image of the page,
which is wrong. The code used to do it correctly, but was changed (commit
853d1c31) because the redo-routine didn't
track incomplete splits correctly when the page was restored from a full
page image. Of course, that was not right way to fix it, the redo routine
should've been fixed instead. The redo-routine was surreptitiously fixed
in 2010 (commit 4016bdef), so all we need
to do now is revert the code that creates the record to its original form.

This doesn't change the format of the WAL record.

Backpatch to all supported versions.

We (I think I, actually) forgot about this corner case while coding
collation resolution.  Per bug #8648 from Arjen Nienhuis.

The backpatch of a95335b544d9c8377e9dc7a399d8e9a155895f82 to 9.2, 9.1
and 9.0 was incomplete, missing changes to xlog.c, primarily the call
to TrimMultiXact(). Testing presumably didn't show a problem without
these changes because TrimMultiXact() performs defense-in-depth work,
which is not strictly necessary.

It also missed moving StartupMultiXact() which would have been
problematic if a restartpoing happened in exactly the wrong moment,
causing a transient error.

Andres Freund

DST law changes in Argentina, Brazil, Jordan, Libya, Liechtenstein,
Morocco, Palestine.  New timezone abbreviations WIB, WIT, WITA for
Indonesia.

Needed so that timezone data update patches can be cherry-picked
into older branches conveniently.

pg_dumpall's charter is to be able to recreate a database cluster's
contents in a virgin installation, but it was failing to honor that
contract if the cluster had any ALTER DATABASE SET
default_transaction_read_only settings.  By including a SET command
for the connection for each connection opened by pg_dumpall output,
errors are avoided and the source cluster is successfully
recreated.

There was discussion of whether to also set this for the connection
applying pg_dump output, but it was felt that it was both less
appropriate in that context, and far easier to work around.

Backpatch to all supported branches.

Commit 9dc842f0 of 8.2 era prevented MultiXact truncation during crash
recovery, because there was no guarantee that enough state had been
setup, and because it wasn't deemed to be a good idea to remove data
during crash recovery anyway.  Since then, due to Hot-Standby, streaming
replication and PITR, the amount of time a cluster can spend doing crash
recovery has increased significantly, to the point that a cluster may
even never come out of it.  This has made not truncating the content of
pg_multixact/ not defensible anymore.

To fix, take care to setup enough state for multixact truncation before
crash recovery starts (easy since checkpoints contain the required
information), and move the current end-of-recovery actions to a new
TrimMultiXact() function, analogous to TrimCLOG().

At some later point, this should probably done similarly to the way
clog.c is doing it, which is to just WAL log truncations, but we can't
do that for the back branches.

Back-patch to 9.0.  8.4 also has the problem, but since there's no hot
standby there, it's much less pressing.  In 9.2 and earlier, this patch
is simpler than in newer branches, because multixact access during
recovery isn't required.  Add appropriate checks to make sure that's not
happening.

Andres Freund

Ensure that the invocation command for postgres or pg_ctl runservice
double-quotes the executable's pathname; failure to do this leads to
trouble when the path contains spaces.

Also, ensure that the path ends in ".exe" in both cases and uses
backslashes rather than slashes as directory separators.  The latter issue
is reported to confuse some third-party tools such as Symantec Backup Exec.

Also, rewrite the function to avoid buffer overrun issues by using a
PQExpBuffer instead of a fixed-size static buffer.  Combinations of
very long executable pathnames and very long data directory pathnames
could have caused trouble before, for example.

Back-patch to all active branches, since this code has been like this
for a long while.

Naoya Anzai and Tom Lane, reviewed by Rajeev Rastogi

The various places that transferred fast-path locks to the main lock table
neglected to release the PGPROC's backendLock if SetupLockInTable failed
due to being out of shared memory.  In most cases this is no big deal since
ensuing error cleanup would release all held LWLocks anyway.  But there are
some hot-standby functions that don't consider failure of
FastPathTransferRelationLocks to be a hard error, and in those cases this
oversight could lead to system lockup.  For consistency, make all of these
places look the same as FastPathTransferRelationLocks.

Noted while looking for the cause of Dan Wood's bugs --- this wasn't it,
but it's a bug anyway.

We have for a long time checked the head pointer of each of the backend's
proclock lists and skipped acquiring the corresponding locktable partition
lock if the head pointer was NULL.  This was safe enough in the days when
proclock lists were changed only by the owning backend, but it is pretty
questionable now that the fast-path patch added cases where backends add
entries to other backends' proclock lists.  However, we don't really wish
to revert to locking each partition lock every time, because in simple
transactions that would add a lot of useless lock/unlock cycles on
already-heavily-contended LWLocks.  Fortunately, the only way that another
backend could be modifying our proclock list at this point would be if it
was promoting a formerly fast-path lock of ours; and any such lock must be
one that we'd decided not to delete in the previous loop over the locallock
table.  So it's okay if we miss seeing it in this loop; we'd just decide
not to delete it again.  However, once we've detected a non-empty list,
we'd better re-fetch the list head pointer after acquiring the partition
lock.  This guards against possibly fetching a corrupt-but-non-null pointer
if pointer fetch/store isn't atomic.  It's not clear if any practical
architectures are like that, but we've never assumed that before and don't
wish to start here.  In any case, the situation certainly deserves a code
comment.

While at it, refactor the partition traversal loop to use a for() construct
instead of a while() loop with goto's.

Back-patch, just in case the risk is real and not hypothetical.

From: Andreas Karlsson <andreas@proxel.se>

When acquiring a lock in fast-path mode, we must reset the locallock
object's lock and proclock fields to NULL.  They are not necessarily that
way to start with, because the locallock could be left over from a failed
lock acquisition attempt earlier in the transaction.  Failure to do this
led to all sorts of interesting misbehaviors when LockRelease tried to
clean up no-longer-related lock and proclock objects in shared memory.
Per report from Dan Wood.

In passing, modify LockRelease to elog not just Assert if it doesn't find
lock and proclock objects for a formerly fast-path lock, matching the code
in FastPathGetRelationLockEntry and LockRefindAndRelease.  This isn't a
bug but it will help in diagnosing any future bugs in this area.

Also, modify FastPathTransferRelationLocks and FastPathGetRelationLockEntry
to break out of their loops over the fastpath array once they've found the
sole matching entry.  This was inconsistently done in some search loops
and not others.

Improve assorted related comments, too.

Back-patch to 9.2 where the fast-path mechanism was introduced.

Vacuum recognizes that it can update relfrozenxid by checking whether it has
processed all pages of a relation. Unfortunately it performed that check
after truncating the dead pages at the end of the relation, and used the new
number of pages to decide whether all pages have been scanned. If the new
number of pages happened to be smaller or equal to the number of pages
scanned, it incorrectly decided that all pages were scanned.

This can lead to relfrozenxid being updated, even though some pages were
skipped that still contain old XIDs. That can lead to data loss due to xid
wraparounds with some rows suddenly missing. This likely has escaped notice
so far because it takes a large number (~2^31) of xids being used to see the
effect, while a full-table vacuum before that would fix the issue.

The incorrect logic was introduced by commit
b4b6923e. Backpatch this fix down to 8.4,
like that commit.

Andres Freund, with some modifications by me.

Patch by Böszörményi Zoltán <zb@cybertec.at>

The latest fixes removed a limitation that was still in the docs, so Zoltan updated the docs, too.

Backpatch to 9.1.

Josh Kupershmidt

variables is varchar. This fixes this test case:

int main(void)
{
    exec sql begin declare section;
    varchar a[50], b[50];
    exec sql end declare section;

    return 0;
}

Since varchars are internally turned into custom structs and
the type name is emitted for these variable declarations,
the preprocessed code previously had:

struct varchar_1  { ... }  a _,_  struct varchar_2  { ... }  b ;

The comma in the generated C file was a syntax error.

There are no regression test changes since it's not exercised.

Patch by Boszormenyi Zoltan <zb@cybertec.at>

Patch by Boszormenyi Zoltan <zb@cybertec.at>

This function formerly crashed if called as a statement-level trigger,
or if a column-name argument wasn't given.

In passing, add the trigger name to all error messages from the function.
(None of them are expected cases, so this shouldn't pose any compatibility
risk.)

Marc Cousin, reviewed by Sawada Masahiko

The previous coding labeled expressions such as pg_index.indkey[1:3] as
being of int2vector type; which is not right because the subscript bounds
of such a result don't, in general, satisfy the restrictions of int2vector.
To fix, implicitly promote the result of slicing int2vector to int2[],
or oidvector to oid[].  This is similar to what we've done with domains
over arrays, which is a good analogy because these types are very much
like restricted domains of the corresponding regular-array types.

A side-effect is that we now also forbid array-element updates on such
columns, eg while "update pg_index set indkey[4] = 42" would have worked
before if you were superuser (and corrupted your catalogs irretrievably,
no doubt) it's now disallowed.  This seems like a good thing since, again,
some choices of subscripting would've led to results not satisfying the
restrictions of int2vector.  The case of an array-slice update was
rejected before, though with a different error message than you get now.
We could make these cases work in future if we added a cast from int2[]
to int2vector (with a cast function checking the subscript restrictions)
but it seems unlikely that there's any value in that.

Per report from Ronan Dunklau.  Back-patch to all supported branches
because of the crash risks involved.

If logging is enabled, either ereport() or fprintf() might stomp on errno
internally, causing this function to return the wrong result.  That might
only end in a misleading error report, but in any code that's examining
errno to decide what to do next, the consequences could be far graver.

This has been broken since the very first version of this file in 2006
... it's a bit astonishing that we didn't identify this long ago.

Reported by Amit Kapila, though this isn't his proposed fix.

A pointer to a C string was treated as a pointer to a "name" datum and
passed to SPI_execute_plan().  This pointer would then end up being
passed through datumCopy(), which would try to copy the entire 64 bytes
of name data, thus running past the end of the C string.  Fix by
converting the string to a proper name structure.

Found by LLVM AddressSanitizer.