When a row fails a CHECK constraint, show row's contents in errdetail.

This should make it easier to identify which row is problematic when an
insert or update is processing many rows.

The formatting is similar to that for unique-index violation messages,
except that we limit field widths to 64 bytes since otherwise the message
could get unreasonably long.  (In particular, there's currently no attempt
to quote or escape field values that contain commas etc.)

Jan Kundrát, reviewed by Royce Ausburn, somewhat rewritten by me.