Expose control file data via SQL accessible functions.

Add four new SQL accessible functions: pg_control_system(),
pg_control_checkpoint(), pg_control_recovery(), and pg_control_init()
which expose a subset of the control file data.

Along the way move the code to read and validate the control file to
src/common, where it can be shared by the new backend functions
and the original pg_controldata frontend program.

Patch by me, significant input, testing, and review by Michael Paquier.