Fix TwoPhaseGetDummyBackendId().

This was broken in commit ed0b409d,
which revised the GlobalTransactionData struct to not include the
associated PGPROC as its first member, but overlooked one place where
a cast was used in reliance on that equivalence.

The most effective way of fixing this seems to be to create a new function
that looks up the GlobalTransactionData struct given the XID, and make
both TwoPhaseGetDummyBackendId and TwoPhaseGetDummyProc rely on that.

Per report from Robert Ross.