Fix obscure segfault condition in PL/Python

In PLy_output(), when the elog() call in the TRY branch throws an exception
(this can happen when a statement timeout kicks in, for example), the
PyErr_SetString() call in the CATCH branch can cause a segfault, because the
Py_XDECREF(so) call before it releases memory that is still used by the sv
variable that PyErr_SetString() uses as argument, because sv points into
memory owned by so.

Backpatched back to 8.0, where this code was introduced.

I also threw in a couple of volatile declarations for variables that are used
before and after the TRY.  I don't think they caused the crash that I
observed, but they could become issues.