Remove no-longer-required function declarations.

Remove a bunch of "extern Datum foo(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);" declarations that
are no longer needed now that PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(foo) provides that.

Some of these were evidently missed in commit e7128e8d, but others
were cargo-culted in in code added since then.  Possibly that can be blamed
in part on the fact that we'd not fixed relevant documentation examples,
which I've now done.