Refactor libpq authentication request processing.

Move the responsibility of reading the data from the authentication request
message from PQconnectPoll() to pg_fe_sendauth(). This way, PQconnectPoll()
doesn't need to know about all the different authentication request types,
and we don't need the extra fields in the pg_conn struct to pass the data
from PQconnectPoll() to pg_fe_sendauth() anymore.

Reviewed by Michael Paquier.

Discussion: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/6490b975-5ee1-6280-ac1d-af975b19fb9a%40iki.fi