Add predicate locking for GiST

Add page-level predicate locking, due to gist's code organization, patch seems
close to trivial: add check before page changing, add predicate lock before page
scanning.  Although choosing right place to check is not simple: it should not
be called during index build, it should support insertion of new downlink and so
on.

Author: Shubham Barai with editorization by me and Alexander Korotkov
Reviewed by: Alexander Korotkov, Andrey Borodin, me
Discussion: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/CALxAEPtdcANpw5ePU3LvnTP8HCENFw6wygupQAyNBgD-sG3h0g@mail.gmail.com