nodeSubplan.c

/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * nodeSubplan.c
 *	  routines to support subselects
 *
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2010, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
 *
 * IDENTIFICATION
 *	  $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/backend/executor/nodeSubplan.c,v 1.101 2010/01/02 16:57:45 momjian Exp $
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
/*
 *	 INTERFACE ROUTINES
 *		ExecSubPlan  - process a subselect
 *		ExecInitSubPlan - initialize a subselect
 */
#include "postgres.h"

#include <math.h>

#include "executor/executor.h"
#include "executor/nodeSubplan.h"
#include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
#include "optimizer/clauses.h"
#include "utils/array.h"
#include "utils/lsyscache.h"
#include "utils/memutils.h"


static Datum ExecSubPlan(SubPlanState *node,
			ExprContext *econtext,
			bool *isNull,
			ExprDoneCond *isDone);
static Datum ExecAlternativeSubPlan(AlternativeSubPlanState *node,
					   ExprContext *econtext,
					   bool *isNull,
					   ExprDoneCond *isDone);
static Datum ExecHashSubPlan(SubPlanState *node,
				ExprContext *econtext,
				bool *isNull);
static Datum ExecScanSubPlan(SubPlanState *node,
				ExprContext *econtext,
				bool *isNull);
static void buildSubPlanHash(SubPlanState *node, ExprContext *econtext);
static bool findPartialMatch(TupleHashTable hashtable, TupleTableSlot *slot);
static bool slotAllNulls(TupleTableSlot *slot);
static bool slotNoNulls(TupleTableSlot *slot);


/* ----------------------------------------------------------------
 *		ExecSubPlan
 * ----------------------------------------------------------------
 */
static Datum
ExecSubPlan(SubPlanState *node,
			ExprContext *econtext,
			bool *isNull,
			ExprDoneCond *isDone)
{
	SubPlan    *subplan = (SubPlan *) node->xprstate.expr;

	/* Set default values for result flags: non-null, not a set result */
	*isNull = false;
	if (isDone)
		*isDone = ExprSingleResult;

	/* Sanity checks */
	if (subplan->subLinkType == CTE_SUBLINK)
		elog(ERROR, "CTE subplans should not be executed via ExecSubPlan");
	if (subplan->setParam != NIL)
		elog(ERROR, "cannot set parent params from subquery");

	/* Select appropriate evaluation strategy */
	if (subplan->useHashTable)
		return ExecHashSubPlan(node, econtext, isNull);
	else
		return ExecScanSubPlan(node, econtext, isNull);
}

/*
 * ExecHashSubPlan: store subselect result in an in-memory hash table
 */
static Datum
ExecHashSubPlan(SubPlanState *node,
				ExprContext *econtext,
				bool *isNull)
{
	SubPlan    *subplan = (SubPlan *) node->xprstate.expr;
	PlanState  *planstate = node->planstate;
	ExprContext *innerecontext = node->innerecontext;
	TupleTableSlot *slot;

	/* Shouldn't have any direct correlation Vars */
	if (subplan->parParam != NIL || node->args != NIL)
		elog(ERROR, "hashed subplan with direct correlation not supported");

	/*
	 * If first time through or we need to rescan the subplan, build the hash
	 * table.
	 */
	if (node->hashtable == NULL || planstate->chgParam != NULL)
		buildSubPlanHash(node, econtext);

	/*
	 * The result for an empty subplan is always FALSE; no need to evaluate
	 * lefthand side.
	 */
	*isNull = false;
	if (!node->havehashrows && !node->havenullrows)
		return BoolGetDatum(false);

	/*
	 * Evaluate lefthand expressions and form a projection tuple. First we
	 * have to set the econtext to use (hack alert!).
	 */
	node->projLeft->pi_exprContext = econtext;
	slot = ExecProject(node->projLeft, NULL);

	/*
	 * Note: because we are typically called in a per-tuple context, we have
	 * to explicitly clear the projected tuple before returning. Otherwise,
	 * we'll have a double-free situation: the per-tuple context will probably
	 * be reset before we're called again, and then the tuple slot will think
	 * it still needs to free the tuple.
	 */

	/*
	 * Since the hashtable routines will use innerecontext's per-tuple memory
	 * as working memory, be sure to reset it for each tuple.
	 */
	ResetExprContext(innerecontext);

	/*
	 * If the LHS is all non-null, probe for an exact match in the main hash
	 * table.  If we find one, the result is TRUE. Otherwise, scan the
	 * partly-null table to see if there are any rows that aren't provably
	 * unequal to the LHS; if so, the result is UNKNOWN.  (We skip that part
	 * if we don't care about UNKNOWN.) Otherwise, the result is FALSE.
	 *
	 * Note: the reason we can avoid a full scan of the main hash table is
	 * that the combining operators are assumed never to yield NULL when both
	 * inputs are non-null.  If they were to do so, we might need to produce
	 * UNKNOWN instead of FALSE because of an UNKNOWN result in comparing the
	 * LHS to some main-table entry --- which is a comparison we will not even
	 * make, unless there's a chance match of hash keys.
	 */
	if (slotNoNulls(slot))
	{
		if (node->havehashrows &&
			FindTupleHashEntry(node->hashtable,
							   slot,
							   node->cur_eq_funcs,
							   node->lhs_hash_funcs) != NULL)
		{
			ExecClearTuple(slot);
			return BoolGetDatum(true);
		}
		if (node->havenullrows &&
			findPartialMatch(node->hashnulls, slot))
		{
			ExecClearTuple(slot);
			*isNull = true;
			return BoolGetDatum(false);
		}
		ExecClearTuple(slot);
		return BoolGetDatum(false);
	}

	/*
	 * When the LHS is partly or wholly NULL, we can never return TRUE. If we
	 * don't care about UNKNOWN, just return FALSE.  Otherwise, if the LHS is
	 * wholly NULL, immediately return UNKNOWN.  (Since the combining
	 * operators are strict, the result could only be FALSE if the sub-select
	 * were empty, but we already handled that case.) Otherwise, we must scan
	 * both the main and partly-null tables to see if there are any rows that
	 * aren't provably unequal to the LHS; if so, the result is UNKNOWN.
	 * Otherwise, the result is FALSE.
	 */
	if (node->hashnulls == NULL)
	{
		ExecClearTuple(slot);
		return BoolGetDatum(false);
	}
	if (slotAllNulls(slot))
	{
		ExecClearTuple(slot);
		*isNull = true;
		return BoolGetDatum(false);
	}
	/* Scan partly-null table first, since more likely to get a match */
	if (node->havenullrows &&
		findPartialMatch(node->hashnulls, slot))
	{
		ExecClearTuple(slot);
		*isNull = true;
		return BoolGetDatum(false);
	}
	if (node->havehashrows &&
		findPartialMatch(node->hashtable, slot))
	{
		ExecClearTuple(slot);
		*isNull = true;
		return BoolGetDatum(false);
	}
	ExecClearTuple(slot);
	return BoolGetDatum(false);
}

/*
 * ExecScanSubPlan: default case where we have to rescan subplan each time
 */
static Datum
ExecScanSubPlan(SubPlanState *node,
				ExprContext *econtext,
				bool *isNull)
{
	SubPlan    *subplan = (SubPlan *) node->xprstate.expr;
	PlanState  *planstate = node->planstate;
	SubLinkType subLinkType = subplan->subLinkType;
	MemoryContext oldcontext;
	TupleTableSlot *slot;
	Datum		result;
	bool		found = false;	/* TRUE if got at least one subplan tuple */
	ListCell   *pvar;
	ListCell   *l;
	ArrayBuildState *astate = NULL;

	/*
	 * We are probably in a short-lived expression-evaluation context. Switch
	 * to the per-query context for manipulating the child plan's chgParam,
	 * calling ExecProcNode on it, etc.
	 */
	oldcontext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(econtext->ecxt_per_query_memory);

	/*
	 * Set Params of this plan from parent plan correlation values. (Any
	 * calculation we have to do is done in the parent econtext, since the
	 * Param values don't need to have per-query lifetime.)
	 */
	Assert(list_length(subplan->parParam) == list_length(node->args));

	forboth(l, subplan->parParam, pvar, node->args)
	{
		int			paramid = lfirst_int(l);
		ParamExecData *prm = &(econtext->ecxt_param_exec_vals[paramid]);

		prm->value = ExecEvalExprSwitchContext((ExprState *) lfirst(pvar),
											   econtext,
											   &(prm->isnull),
											   NULL);
		planstate->chgParam = bms_add_member(planstate->chgParam, paramid);
	}

	/*
	 * Now that we've set up its parameters, we can reset the subplan.
	 */
	ExecReScan(planstate, NULL);

	/*
	 * For all sublink types except EXPR_SUBLINK and ARRAY_SUBLINK, the result
	 * is boolean as are the results of the combining operators. We combine
	 * results across tuples (if the subplan produces more than one) using OR
	 * semantics for ANY_SUBLINK or AND semantics for ALL_SUBLINK.
	 * (ROWCOMPARE_SUBLINK doesn't allow multiple tuples from the subplan.)
	 * NULL results from the combining operators are handled according to the
	 * usual SQL semantics for OR and AND.	The result for no input tuples is
	 * FALSE for ANY_SUBLINK, TRUE for ALL_SUBLINK, NULL for
	 * ROWCOMPARE_SUBLINK.
	 *
	 * For EXPR_SUBLINK we require the subplan to produce no more than one
	 * tuple, else an error is raised.	If zero tuples are produced, we return
	 * NULL.  Assuming we get a tuple, we just use its first column (there can
	 * be only one non-junk column in this case).
	 *
	 * For ARRAY_SUBLINK we allow the subplan to produce any number of tuples,
	 * and form an array of the first column's values.  Note in particular
	 * that we produce a zero-element array if no tuples are produced (this is
	 * a change from pre-8.3 behavior of returning NULL).
	 */
	result = BoolGetDatum(subLinkType == ALL_SUBLINK);
	*isNull = false;

	for (slot = ExecProcNode(planstate);
		 !TupIsNull(slot);
		 slot = ExecProcNode(planstate))
	{
		TupleDesc	tdesc = slot->tts_tupleDescriptor;
		Datum		rowresult;
		bool		rownull;
		int			col;
		ListCell   *plst;

		if (subLinkType == EXISTS_SUBLINK)
		{
			found = true;
			result = BoolGetDatum(true);
			break;
		}

		if (subLinkType == EXPR_SUBLINK)
		{
			/* cannot allow multiple input tuples for EXPR sublink */
			if (found)
				ereport(ERROR,
						(errcode(ERRCODE_CARDINALITY_VIOLATION),
						 errmsg("more than one row returned by a subquery used as an expression")));
			found = true;

			/*
			 * We need to copy the subplan's tuple in case the result is of
			 * pass-by-ref type --- our return value will point into this
			 * copied tuple!  Can't use the subplan's instance of the tuple
			 * since it won't still be valid after next ExecProcNode() call.
			 * node->curTuple keeps track of the copied tuple for eventual
			 * freeing.
			 */
			if (node->curTuple)
				heap_freetuple(node->curTuple);
			node->curTuple = ExecCopySlotTuple(slot);

			result = heap_getattr(node->curTuple, 1, tdesc, isNull);
			/* keep scanning subplan to make sure there's only one tuple */
			continue;
		}

		if (subLinkType == ARRAY_SUBLINK)
		{
			Datum		dvalue;
			bool		disnull;

			found = true;
			/* stash away current value */
			Assert(subplan->firstColType == tdesc->attrs[0]->atttypid);
			dvalue = slot_getattr(slot, 1, &disnull);
			astate = accumArrayResult(astate, dvalue, disnull,
									  subplan->firstColType, oldcontext);
			/* keep scanning subplan to collect all values */
			continue;
		}

		/* cannot allow multiple input tuples for ROWCOMPARE sublink either */
		if (subLinkType == ROWCOMPARE_SUBLINK && found)
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_CARDINALITY_VIOLATION),
					 errmsg("more than one row returned by a subquery used as an expression")));

		found = true;

		/*
		 * For ALL, ANY, and ROWCOMPARE sublinks, load up the Params
		 * representing the columns of the sub-select, and then evaluate the
		 * combining expression.
		 */
		col = 1;
		foreach(plst, subplan->paramIds)
		{
			int			paramid = lfirst_int(plst);
			ParamExecData *prmdata;

			prmdata = &(econtext->ecxt_param_exec_vals[paramid]);
			Assert(prmdata->execPlan == NULL);
			prmdata->value = slot_getattr(slot, col, &(prmdata->isnull));
			col++;
		}

		rowresult = ExecEvalExprSwitchContext(node->testexpr, econtext,
											  &rownull, NULL);

		if (subLinkType == ANY_SUBLINK)
		{
			/* combine across rows per OR semantics */
			if (rownull)
				*isNull = true;
			else if (DatumGetBool(rowresult))
			{
				result = BoolGetDatum(true);
				*isNull = false;
				break;			/* needn't look at any more rows */
			}
		}
		else if (subLinkType == ALL_SUBLINK)
		{
			/* combine across rows per AND semantics */
			if (rownull)
				*isNull = true;
			else if (!DatumGetBool(rowresult))
			{
				result = BoolGetDatum(false);
				*isNull = false;
				break;			/* needn't look at any more rows */
			}
		}
		else
		{
			/* must be ROWCOMPARE_SUBLINK */
			result = rowresult;
			*isNull = rownull;
		}
	}

	MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);

	if (subLinkType == ARRAY_SUBLINK)
	{
		/* We return the result in the caller's context */
		if (astate != NULL)
			result = makeArrayResult(astate, oldcontext);
		else
			result = PointerGetDatum(construct_empty_array(subplan->firstColType));
	}
	else if (!found)
	{
		/*
		 * deal with empty subplan result.	result/isNull were previously
		 * initialized correctly for all sublink types except EXPR and
		 * ROWCOMPARE; for those, return NULL.
		 */
		if (subLinkType == EXPR_SUBLINK ||
			subLinkType == ROWCOMPARE_SUBLINK)
		{
			result = (Datum) 0;
			*isNull = true;
		}
	}

	return result;
}

/*
 * buildSubPlanHash: load hash table by scanning subplan output.
 */
static void
buildSubPlanHash(SubPlanState *node, ExprContext *econtext)
{
	SubPlan    *subplan = (SubPlan *) node->xprstate.expr;
	PlanState  *planstate = node->planstate;
	int			ncols = list_length(subplan->paramIds);
	ExprContext *innerecontext = node->innerecontext;
	MemoryContext tempcxt = innerecontext->ecxt_per_tuple_memory;
	MemoryContext oldcontext;
	int			nbuckets;
	TupleTableSlot *slot;

	Assert(subplan->subLinkType == ANY_SUBLINK);

	/*
	 * If we already had any hash tables, destroy 'em; then create empty hash
	 * table(s).
	 *
	 * If we need to distinguish accurately between FALSE and UNKNOWN (i.e.,
	 * NULL) results of the IN operation, then we have to store subplan output
	 * rows that are partly or wholly NULL.  We store such rows in a separate
	 * hash table that we expect will be much smaller than the main table. (We
	 * can use hashing to eliminate partly-null rows that are not distinct. We
	 * keep them separate to minimize the cost of the inevitable full-table
	 * searches; see findPartialMatch.)
	 *
	 * If it's not necessary to distinguish FALSE and UNKNOWN, then we don't
	 * need to store subplan output rows that contain NULL.
	 */
	MemoryContextReset(node->tablecxt);
	node->hashtable = NULL;
	node->hashnulls = NULL;
	node->havehashrows = false;
	node->havenullrows = false;

	nbuckets = (int) ceil(planstate->plan->plan_rows);
	if (nbuckets < 1)
		nbuckets = 1;

	node->hashtable = BuildTupleHashTable(ncols,
										  node->keyColIdx,
										  node->tab_eq_funcs,
										  node->tab_hash_funcs,
										  nbuckets,
										  sizeof(TupleHashEntryData),
										  node->tablecxt,
										  tempcxt);

	if (!subplan->unknownEqFalse)
	{
		if (ncols == 1)
			nbuckets = 1;		/* there can only be one entry */
		else
		{
			nbuckets /= 16;
			if (nbuckets < 1)
				nbuckets = 1;
		}
		node->hashnulls = BuildTupleHashTable(ncols,
											  node->keyColIdx,
											  node->tab_eq_funcs,
											  node->tab_hash_funcs,
											  nbuckets,
											  sizeof(TupleHashEntryData),
											  node->tablecxt,
											  tempcxt);
	}

	/*
	 * We are probably in a short-lived expression-evaluation context. Switch
	 * to the per-query context for manipulating the child plan.
	 */
	oldcontext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(econtext->ecxt_per_query_memory);

	/*
	 * Reset subplan to start.
	 */
	ExecReScan(planstate, NULL);

	/*
	 * Scan the subplan and load the hash table(s).  Note that when there are
	 * duplicate rows coming out of the sub-select, only one copy is stored.
	 */
	for (slot = ExecProcNode(planstate);
		 !TupIsNull(slot);
		 slot = ExecProcNode(planstate))
	{
		int			col = 1;
		ListCell   *plst;
		bool		isnew;

		/*
		 * Load up the Params representing the raw sub-select outputs, then
		 * form the projection tuple to store in the hashtable.
		 */
		foreach(plst, subplan->paramIds)
		{
			int			paramid = lfirst_int(plst);
			ParamExecData *prmdata;

			prmdata = &(innerecontext->ecxt_param_exec_vals[paramid]);
			Assert(prmdata->execPlan == NULL);
			prmdata->value = slot_getattr(slot, col,
										  &(prmdata->isnull));
			col++;
		}
		slot = ExecProject(node->projRight, NULL);

		/*
		 * If result contains any nulls, store separately or not at all.
		 */
		if (slotNoNulls(slot))
		{
			(void) LookupTupleHashEntry(node->hashtable, slot, &isnew);
			node->havehashrows = true;
		}
		else if (node->hashnulls)
		{
			(void) LookupTupleHashEntry(node->hashnulls, slot, &isnew);
			node->havenullrows = true;
		}

		/*
		 * Reset innerecontext after each inner tuple to free any memory used
		 * in hash computation or comparison routines.
		 */
		ResetExprContext(innerecontext);
	}

	/*
	 * Since the projected tuples are in the sub-query's context and not the
	 * main context, we'd better clear the tuple slot before there's any
	 * chance of a reset of the sub-query's context.  Else we will have the
	 * potential for a double free attempt.  (XXX possibly no longer needed,
	 * but can't hurt.)
	 */
	ExecClearTuple(node->projRight->pi_slot);

	MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
}

/*
 * findPartialMatch: does the hashtable contain an entry that is not
 * provably distinct from the tuple?
 *
 * We have to scan the whole hashtable; we can't usefully use hashkeys
 * to guide probing, since we might get partial matches on tuples with
 * hashkeys quite unrelated to what we'd get from the given tuple.
 */
static bool
findPartialMatch(TupleHashTable hashtable, TupleTableSlot *slot)
{
	int			numCols = hashtable->numCols;
	AttrNumber *keyColIdx = hashtable->keyColIdx;
	TupleHashIterator hashiter;
	TupleHashEntry entry;

	InitTupleHashIterator(hashtable, &hashiter);
	while ((entry = ScanTupleHashTable(&hashiter)) != NULL)
	{
		ExecStoreMinimalTuple(entry->firstTuple, hashtable->tableslot, false);
		if (!execTuplesUnequal(slot, hashtable->tableslot,
							   numCols, keyColIdx,
							   hashtable->cur_eq_funcs,
							   hashtable->tempcxt))
		{
			TermTupleHashIterator(&hashiter);
			return true;
		}
	}
	/* No TermTupleHashIterator call needed here */
	return false;
}

/*
 * slotAllNulls: is the slot completely NULL?
 *
 * This does not test for dropped columns, which is OK because we only
 * use it on projected tuples.
 */
static bool
slotAllNulls(TupleTableSlot *slot)
{
	int			ncols = slot->tts_tupleDescriptor->natts;
	int			i;

	for (i = 1; i <= ncols; i++)
	{
		if (!slot_attisnull(slot, i))
			return false;
	}
	return true;
}

/*
 * slotNoNulls: is the slot entirely not NULL?
 *
 * This does not test for dropped columns, which is OK because we only
 * use it on projected tuples.
 */
static bool
slotNoNulls(TupleTableSlot *slot)
{
	int			ncols = slot->tts_tupleDescriptor->natts;
	int			i;

	for (i = 1; i <= ncols; i++)
	{
		if (slot_attisnull(slot, i))
			return false;
	}
	return true;
}

/* ----------------------------------------------------------------
 *		ExecInitSubPlan
 *
 * Create a SubPlanState for a SubPlan; this is the SubPlan-specific part
 * of ExecInitExpr().  We split it out so that it can be used for InitPlans
 * as well as regular SubPlans.  Note that we don't link the SubPlan into
 * the parent's subPlan list, because that shouldn't happen for InitPlans.
 * Instead, ExecInitExpr() does that one part.
 * ----------------------------------------------------------------
 */
SubPlanState *
ExecInitSubPlan(SubPlan *subplan, PlanState *parent)
{
	SubPlanState *sstate = makeNode(SubPlanState);
	EState	   *estate = parent->state;

	sstate->xprstate.evalfunc = (ExprStateEvalFunc) ExecSubPlan;
	sstate->xprstate.expr = (Expr *) subplan;

	/* Link the SubPlanState to already-initialized subplan */
	sstate->planstate = (PlanState *) list_nth(estate->es_subplanstates,
											   subplan->plan_id - 1);

	/* Initialize subexpressions */
	sstate->testexpr = ExecInitExpr((Expr *) subplan->testexpr, parent);
	sstate->args = (List *) ExecInitExpr((Expr *) subplan->args, parent);

	/*
	 * initialize my state
	 */
	sstate->curTuple = NULL;
	sstate->projLeft = NULL;
	sstate->projRight = NULL;
	sstate->hashtable = NULL;
	sstate->hashnulls = NULL;
	sstate->tablecxt = NULL;
	sstate->innerecontext = NULL;
	sstate->keyColIdx = NULL;
	sstate->tab_hash_funcs = NULL;
	sstate->tab_eq_funcs = NULL;
	sstate->lhs_hash_funcs = NULL;
	sstate->cur_eq_funcs = NULL;

	/*
	 * If this plan is un-correlated or undirect correlated one and want to
	 * set params for parent plan then mark parameters as needing evaluation.
	 *
	 * A CTE subplan's output parameter is never to be evaluated in the normal
	 * way, so skip this in that case.
	 *
	 * Note that in the case of un-correlated subqueries we don't care about
	 * setting parent->chgParam here: indices take care about it, for others -
	 * it doesn't matter...
	 */
	if (subplan->setParam != NIL && subplan->subLinkType != CTE_SUBLINK)
	{
		ListCell   *lst;

		foreach(lst, subplan->setParam)
		{
			int			paramid = lfirst_int(lst);
			ParamExecData *prm = &(estate->es_param_exec_vals[paramid]);

			prm->execPlan = sstate;
		}
	}

	/*
	 * If we are going to hash the subquery output, initialize relevant stuff.
	 * (We don't create the hashtable until needed, though.)
	 */
	if (subplan->useHashTable)
	{
		int			ncols,
					i;
		TupleDesc	tupDesc;
		TupleTableSlot *slot;
		List	   *oplist,
				   *lefttlist,
				   *righttlist,
				   *leftptlist,
				   *rightptlist;
		ListCell   *l;

		/* We need a memory context to hold the hash table(s) */
		sstate->tablecxt =
			AllocSetContextCreate(CurrentMemoryContext,
								  "Subplan HashTable Context",
								  ALLOCSET_DEFAULT_MINSIZE,
								  ALLOCSET_DEFAULT_INITSIZE,
								  ALLOCSET_DEFAULT_MAXSIZE);
		/* and a short-lived exprcontext for function evaluation */
		sstate->innerecontext = CreateExprContext(estate);
		/* Silly little array of column numbers 1..n */
		ncols = list_length(subplan->paramIds);
		sstate->keyColIdx = (AttrNumber *) palloc(ncols * sizeof(AttrNumber));
		for (i = 0; i < ncols; i++)
			sstate->keyColIdx[i] = i + 1;

		/*
		 * We use ExecProject to evaluate the lefthand and righthand
		 * expression lists and form tuples.  (You might think that we could
		 * use the sub-select's output tuples directly, but that is not the
		 * case if we had to insert any run-time coercions of the sub-select's
		 * output datatypes; anyway this avoids storing any resjunk columns
		 * that might be in the sub-select's output.) Run through the
		 * combining expressions to build tlists for the lefthand and
		 * righthand sides.  We need both the ExprState list (for ExecProject)
		 * and the underlying parse Exprs (for ExecTypeFromTL).
		 *
		 * We also extract the combining operators themselves to initialize
		 * the equality and hashing functions for the hash tables.
		 */
		if (IsA(sstate->testexpr->expr, OpExpr))
		{
			/* single combining operator */
			oplist = list_make1(sstate->testexpr);
		}
		else if (and_clause((Node *) sstate->testexpr->expr))
		{
			/* multiple combining operators */
			Assert(IsA(sstate->testexpr, BoolExprState));
			oplist = ((BoolExprState *) sstate->testexpr)->args;
		}
		else
		{
			/* shouldn't see anything else in a hashable subplan */
			elog(ERROR, "unrecognized testexpr type: %d",
				 (int) nodeTag(sstate->testexpr->expr));
			oplist = NIL;		/* keep compiler quiet */
		}
		Assert(list_length(oplist) == ncols);

		lefttlist = righttlist = NIL;
		leftptlist = rightptlist = NIL;
		sstate->tab_hash_funcs = (FmgrInfo *) palloc(ncols * sizeof(FmgrInfo));
		sstate->tab_eq_funcs = (FmgrInfo *) palloc(ncols * sizeof(FmgrInfo));
		sstate->lhs_hash_funcs = (FmgrInfo *) palloc(ncols * sizeof(FmgrInfo));
		sstate->cur_eq_funcs = (FmgrInfo *) palloc(ncols * sizeof(FmgrInfo));
		i = 1;
		foreach(l, oplist)
		{
			FuncExprState *fstate = (FuncExprState *) lfirst(l);
			OpExpr	   *opexpr = (OpExpr *) fstate->xprstate.expr;
			ExprState  *exstate;
			Expr	   *expr;
			TargetEntry *tle;
			GenericExprState *tlestate;
			Oid			rhs_eq_oper;
			Oid			left_hashfn;
			Oid			right_hashfn;

			Assert(IsA(fstate, FuncExprState));
			Assert(IsA(opexpr, OpExpr));
			Assert(list_length(fstate->args) == 2);

			/* Process lefthand argument */
			exstate = (ExprState *) linitial(fstate->args);
			expr = exstate->expr;
			tle = makeTargetEntry(expr,
								  i,
								  NULL,
								  false);
			tlestate = makeNode(GenericExprState);
			tlestate->xprstate.expr = (Expr *) tle;
			tlestate->xprstate.evalfunc = NULL;
			tlestate->arg = exstate;
			lefttlist = lappend(lefttlist, tlestate);
			leftptlist = lappend(leftptlist, tle);

			/* Process righthand argument */
			exstate = (ExprState *) lsecond(fstate->args);
			expr = exstate->expr;
			tle = makeTargetEntry(expr,
								  i,
								  NULL,
								  false);
			tlestate = makeNode(GenericExprState);
			tlestate->xprstate.expr = (Expr *) tle;
			tlestate->xprstate.evalfunc = NULL;
			tlestate->arg = exstate;
			righttlist = lappend(righttlist, tlestate);
			rightptlist = lappend(rightptlist, tle);

			/* Lookup the equality function (potentially cross-type) */
			fmgr_info(opexpr->opfuncid, &sstate->cur_eq_funcs[i - 1]);
			sstate->cur_eq_funcs[i - 1].fn_expr = (Node *) opexpr;

			/* Look up the equality function for the RHS type */
			if (!get_compatible_hash_operators(opexpr->opno,
											   NULL, &rhs_eq_oper))
				elog(ERROR, "could not find compatible hash operator for operator %u",
					 opexpr->opno);
			fmgr_info(get_opcode(rhs_eq_oper), &sstate->tab_eq_funcs[i - 1]);

			/* Lookup the associated hash functions */
			if (!get_op_hash_functions(opexpr->opno,
									   &left_hashfn, &right_hashfn))
				elog(ERROR, "could not find hash function for hash operator %u",
					 opexpr->opno);
			fmgr_info(left_hashfn, &sstate->lhs_hash_funcs[i - 1]);
			fmgr_info(right_hashfn, &sstate->tab_hash_funcs[i - 1]);

			i++;
		}

		/*
		 * Construct tupdescs, slots and projection nodes for left and right
		 * sides.  The lefthand expressions will be evaluated in the parent
		 * plan node's exprcontext, which we don't have access to here.
		 * Fortunately we can just pass NULL for now and fill it in later
		 * (hack alert!).  The righthand expressions will be evaluated in our
		 * own innerecontext.
		 */
		tupDesc = ExecTypeFromTL(leftptlist, false);
		slot = ExecInitExtraTupleSlot(estate);
		ExecSetSlotDescriptor(slot, tupDesc);
		sstate->projLeft = ExecBuildProjectionInfo(lefttlist,
												   NULL,
												   slot,
												   NULL);

		tupDesc = ExecTypeFromTL(rightptlist, false);
		slot = ExecInitExtraTupleSlot(estate);
		ExecSetSlotDescriptor(slot, tupDesc);
		sstate->projRight = ExecBuildProjectionInfo(righttlist,
													sstate->innerecontext,
													slot,
													NULL);
	}

	return sstate;
}

/* ----------------------------------------------------------------
 *		ExecSetParamPlan
 *
 *		Executes an InitPlan subplan and sets its output parameters.
 *
 * This is called from ExecEvalParam() when the value of a PARAM_EXEC
 * parameter is requested and the param's execPlan field is set (indicating
 * that the param has not yet been evaluated).	This allows lazy evaluation
 * of initplans: we don't run the subplan until/unless we need its output.
 * Note that this routine MUST clear the execPlan fields of the plan's
 * output parameters after evaluating them!
 * ----------------------------------------------------------------
 */
void
ExecSetParamPlan(SubPlanState *node, ExprContext *econtext)
{
	SubPlan    *subplan = (SubPlan *) node->xprstate.expr;
	PlanState  *planstate = node->planstate;
	SubLinkType subLinkType = subplan->subLinkType;
	MemoryContext oldcontext;
	TupleTableSlot *slot;
	ListCell   *l;
	bool		found = false;
	ArrayBuildState *astate = NULL;

	if (subLinkType == ANY_SUBLINK ||
		subLinkType == ALL_SUBLINK)
		elog(ERROR, "ANY/ALL subselect unsupported as initplan");
	if (subLinkType == CTE_SUBLINK)
		elog(ERROR, "CTE subplans should not be executed via ExecSetParamPlan");

	/*
	 * Must switch to per-query memory context.
	 */
	oldcontext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(econtext->ecxt_per_query_memory);

	/*
	 * Run the plan.  (If it needs to be rescanned, the first ExecProcNode
	 * call will take care of that.)
	 */
	for (slot = ExecProcNode(planstate);
		 !TupIsNull(slot);
		 slot = ExecProcNode(planstate))
	{
		TupleDesc	tdesc = slot->tts_tupleDescriptor;
		int			i = 1;

		if (subLinkType == EXISTS_SUBLINK)
		{
			/* There can be only one setParam... */
			int			paramid = linitial_int(subplan->setParam);
			ParamExecData *prm = &(econtext->ecxt_param_exec_vals[paramid]);

			prm->execPlan = NULL;
			prm->value = BoolGetDatum(true);
			prm->isnull = false;
			found = true;
			break;
		}

		if (subLinkType == ARRAY_SUBLINK)
		{
			Datum		dvalue;
			bool		disnull;

			found = true;
			/* stash away current value */
			Assert(subplan->firstColType == tdesc->attrs[0]->atttypid);
			dvalue = slot_getattr(slot, 1, &disnull);
			astate = accumArrayResult(astate, dvalue, disnull,
									  subplan->firstColType, oldcontext);
			/* keep scanning subplan to collect all values */
			continue;
		}

		if (found &&
			(subLinkType == EXPR_SUBLINK ||
			 subLinkType == ROWCOMPARE_SUBLINK))
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_CARDINALITY_VIOLATION),
					 errmsg("more than one row returned by a subquery used as an expression")));

		found = true;

		/*
		 * We need to copy the subplan's tuple into our own context, in case
		 * any of the params are pass-by-ref type --- the pointers stored in
		 * the param structs will point at this copied tuple! node->curTuple
		 * keeps track of the copied tuple for eventual freeing.
		 */
		if (node->curTuple)
			heap_freetuple(node->curTuple);
		node->curTuple = ExecCopySlotTuple(slot);

		/*
		 * Now set all the setParam params from the columns of the tuple
		 */
		foreach(l, subplan->setParam)
		{
			int			paramid = lfirst_int(l);
			ParamExecData *prm = &(econtext->ecxt_param_exec_vals[paramid]);

			prm->execPlan = NULL;
			prm->value = heap_getattr(node->curTuple, i, tdesc,
									  &(prm->isnull));
			i++;
		}
	}

	if (subLinkType == ARRAY_SUBLINK)
	{
		/* There can be only one setParam... */
		int			paramid = linitial_int(subplan->setParam);
		ParamExecData *prm = &(econtext->ecxt_param_exec_vals[paramid]);

		prm->execPlan = NULL;
		/* We build the result in query context so it won't disappear */
		if (astate != NULL)
			prm->value = makeArrayResult(astate,
										 econtext->ecxt_per_query_memory);
		else
		{
			MemoryContextSwitchTo(econtext->ecxt_per_query_memory);
			prm->value = PointerGetDatum(construct_empty_array(subplan->firstColType));
		}
		prm->isnull = false;
	}
	else if (!found)
	{
		if (subLinkType == EXISTS_SUBLINK)
		{
			/* There can be only one setParam... */
			int			paramid = linitial_int(subplan->setParam);
			ParamExecData *prm = &(econtext->ecxt_param_exec_vals[paramid]);

			prm->execPlan = NULL;
			prm->value = BoolGetDatum(false);
			prm->isnull = false;
		}
		else
		{
			foreach(l, subplan->setParam)
			{
				int			paramid = lfirst_int(l);
				ParamExecData *prm = &(econtext->ecxt_param_exec_vals[paramid]);

				prm->execPlan = NULL;
				prm->value = (Datum) 0;
				prm->isnull = true;
			}
		}
	}

	MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
}

/*
 * Mark an initplan as needing recalculation
 */
void
ExecReScanSetParamPlan(SubPlanState *node, PlanState *parent)
{
	PlanState  *planstate = node->planstate;
	SubPlan    *subplan = (SubPlan *) node->xprstate.expr;
	EState	   *estate = parent->state;
	ListCell   *l;

	/* sanity checks */
	if (subplan->parParam != NIL)
		elog(ERROR, "direct correlated subquery unsupported as initplan");
	if (subplan->setParam == NIL)
		elog(ERROR, "setParam list of initplan is empty");
	if (bms_is_empty(planstate->plan->extParam))
		elog(ERROR, "extParam set of initplan is empty");

	/*
	 * Don't actually re-scan: it'll happen inside ExecSetParamPlan if needed.
	 */

	/*
	 * Mark this subplan's output parameters as needing recalculation.
	 *
	 * CTE subplans are never executed via parameter recalculation; instead
	 * they get run when called by nodeCtescan.c.  So don't mark the output
	 * parameter of a CTE subplan as dirty, but do set the chgParam bit for it
	 * so that dependent plan nodes will get told to rescan.
	 */
	foreach(l, subplan->setParam)
	{
		int			paramid = lfirst_int(l);
		ParamExecData *prm = &(estate->es_param_exec_vals[paramid]);

		if (subplan->subLinkType != CTE_SUBLINK)
			prm->execPlan = node;

		parent->chgParam = bms_add_member(parent->chgParam, paramid);
	}
}


/*
 * ExecInitAlternativeSubPlan
 *
 * Initialize for execution of one of a set of alternative subplans.
 */
AlternativeSubPlanState *
ExecInitAlternativeSubPlan(AlternativeSubPlan *asplan, PlanState *parent)
{
	AlternativeSubPlanState *asstate = makeNode(AlternativeSubPlanState);
	double		num_calls;
	SubPlan    *subplan1;
	SubPlan    *subplan2;
	Cost		cost1;
	Cost		cost2;

	asstate->xprstate.evalfunc = (ExprStateEvalFunc) ExecAlternativeSubPlan;
	asstate->xprstate.expr = (Expr *) asplan;

	/*
	 * Initialize subplans.  (Can we get away with only initializing the one
	 * we're going to use?)
	 */
	asstate->subplans = (List *) ExecInitExpr((Expr *) asplan->subplans,
											  parent);

	/*
	 * Select the one to be used.  For this, we need an estimate of the number
	 * of executions of the subplan.  We use the number of output rows
	 * expected from the parent plan node.	This is a good estimate if we are
	 * in the parent's targetlist, and an underestimate (but probably not by
	 * more than a factor of 2) if we are in the qual.
	 */
	num_calls = parent->plan->plan_rows;

	/*
	 * The planner saved enough info so that we don't have to work very hard
	 * to estimate the total cost, given the number-of-calls estimate.
	 */
	Assert(list_length(asplan->subplans) == 2);
	subplan1 = (SubPlan *) linitial(asplan->subplans);
	subplan2 = (SubPlan *) lsecond(asplan->subplans);

	cost1 = subplan1->startup_cost + num_calls * subplan1->per_call_cost;
	cost2 = subplan2->startup_cost + num_calls * subplan2->per_call_cost;

	if (cost1 < cost2)
		asstate->active = 0;
	else
		asstate->active = 1;

	return asstate;
}

/*
 * ExecAlternativeSubPlan
 *
 * Execute one of a set of alternative subplans.
 *
 * Note: in future we might consider changing to different subplans on the
 * fly, in case the original rowcount estimate turns out to be way off.
 */
static Datum
ExecAlternativeSubPlan(AlternativeSubPlanState *node,
					   ExprContext *econtext,
					   bool *isNull,
					   ExprDoneCond *isDone)
{
	/* Just pass control to the active subplan */
	SubPlanState *activesp = (SubPlanState *) list_nth(node->subplans,
													   node->active);

	Assert(IsA(activesp, SubPlanState));

	return ExecSubPlan(activesp,
					   econtext,
					   isNull,
					   isDone);
}