csv.h

// Copyright: (2012-2015) Ben Strasser <code@ben-strasser.net>
// License: BSD-3
//
// All rights reserved.
//
// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
//
// 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
//    this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
//
//2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
//   this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
//   and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
//
//3. Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its contributors
//   may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
//   without specific prior written permission.
//
// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
// AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
// IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
// ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE
// LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
// CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
// SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
// INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
// CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
// ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
// POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

#ifndef CSV_H
#define CSV_H

#include <vector>
#include <string>
#include <cstring>
#include <algorithm>
#include <utility>
#include <cstdio>
#include <exception>
#ifndef CSV_IO_NO_THREAD
#include <mutex>
#include <thread>
#include <condition_variable>
#endif
#include <memory>
#include <cassert>
#include <cerrno>
#include <istream>

namespace io{
        ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
        //                                 LineReader                             //
        ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

        namespace error{
                struct base : std::exception{
                        virtual void format_error_message()const = 0;                          
                       
                        const char*what()const throw(){
                                format_error_message();
                                return error_message_buffer;
                        }

                        mutable char error_message_buffer[512];
                };

                const int max_file_name_length = 255;

                struct with_file_name{
                        with_file_name(){
                                std::memset(file_name, 0, max_file_name_length+1);
                        }
                       
                        void set_file_name(const char*file_name){
                                if(file_name != nullptr){
                                        strncpy(this->file_name, file_name, error::max_file_name_length);
                                        this->file_name[error::max_file_name_length] = '\0';
                                }else{
                                        this->file_name[0] = '\0';
                                }
                        }

                        char file_name[max_file_name_length+1];
                };

                struct with_file_line{
                        with_file_line(){
                                file_line = -1;
                        }
                       
                        void set_file_line(int file_line){
                                this->file_line = file_line;
                        }

                        int file_line;
                };

                struct with_errno{
                        with_errno(){
                                errno_value = 0;
                        }
                       
                        void set_errno(int errno_value){
                                this->errno_value = errno_value;
                        }

                        int errno_value;
                };

                struct can_not_open_file :
                        base,
                        with_file_name,
                        with_errno{
                        void format_error_message()const{
                                if(errno_value != 0)
                                        std::snprintf(error_message_buffer, sizeof(error_message_buffer),
                                                "Can not open file \"%s\" because \"%s\"."
                                                , file_name, std::strerror(errno_value));
                                else
                                        std::snprintf(error_message_buffer, sizeof(error_message_buffer),
                                                "Can not open file \"%s\"."
                                                , file_name);
                        }
                };

                struct line_length_limit_exceeded :
                        base,
                        with_file_name,
                        with_file_line{
                        void format_error_message()const{
                                std::snprintf(error_message_buffer, sizeof(error_message_buffer),
                                        "Line number %d in file \"%s\" exceeds the maximum length of 2^24-1."
                                        , file_line, file_name);
                        }
                };
        }

        class ByteSourceBase{
        public:
                virtual int read(char*buffer, int size)=0;
                virtual ~ByteSourceBase(){}
        };

        namespace detail{

                class OwningStdIOByteSourceBase : public ByteSourceBase{
                public:
                        explicit OwningStdIOByteSourceBase(FILE*file):file(file){
                                // Tell the std library that we want to do the buffering ourself.
                                std::setvbuf(file, 0, _IONBF, 0);
                        }

                        int read(char*buffer, int size){
                                return std::fread(buffer, 1, size, file);
                        }

                        ~OwningStdIOByteSourceBase(){
                                std::fclose(file);
                        }

                private:
                        FILE*file;
                };

                class NonOwningIStreamByteSource : public ByteSourceBase{
                public:
                        explicit NonOwningIStreamByteSource(std::istream&in):in(in){}

                        int read(char*buffer, int size){
                                in.read(buffer, size);
                                return in.gcount();
                        }

                        ~NonOwningIStreamByteSource(){}

                private:
                       std::istream&in;
                };

                class NonOwningStringByteSource : public ByteSourceBase{
                public:
                        NonOwningStringByteSource(const char*str, long long size):str(str), remaining_byte_count(size){}

                        int read(char*buffer, int desired_byte_count){
                                int to_copy_byte_count = desired_byte_count;
                                if(remaining_byte_count < to_copy_byte_count)
                                        to_copy_byte_count = remaining_byte_count;
                                std::memcpy(buffer, str, to_copy_byte_count);
                                remaining_byte_count -= to_copy_byte_count;
                                str += to_copy_byte_count;
                                return to_copy_byte_count;
                        }

                        ~NonOwningStringByteSource(){}

                private:
                        const char*str;
                        long long remaining_byte_count;
                };

                #ifndef CSV_IO_NO_THREAD
                class AsynchronousReader{
                public:
                        void init(std::unique_ptr<ByteSourceBase>arg_byte_source){
                                std::unique_lock<std::mutex>guard(lock);
                                byte_source = std::move(arg_byte_source);
                                desired_byte_count = -1;
                                termination_requested = false;
                                worker = std::thread(
                                        [&]{
                                                std::unique_lock<std::mutex>guard(lock);
                                                try{
                                                        for(;;){
                                                                read_requested_condition.wait(
                                                                        guard, 
                                                                        [&]{
                                                                                return desired_byte_count != -1 || termination_requested;
                                                                        }
                                                                );
                                                                if(termination_requested)
                                                                        return;

                                                                read_byte_count = byte_source->read(buffer, desired_byte_count);
                                                                desired_byte_count = -1;
                                                                if(read_byte_count == 0)
                                                                        break;
                                                                read_finished_condition.notify_one();
                                                        }
                                                }catch(...){
                                                        read_error = std::current_exception();
                                                }
                                                read_finished_condition.notify_one();
                                        }
                                );
                        }

                        bool is_valid()const{
                                return byte_source != nullptr;
                        }

                        void start_read(char*arg_buffer, int arg_desired_byte_count){
                                std::unique_lock<std::mutex>guard(lock);
                                buffer = arg_buffer;
                                desired_byte_count = arg_desired_byte_count;
                                read_byte_count = -1;
                                read_requested_condition.notify_one();
                        }

                        int finish_read(){
                                std::unique_lock<std::mutex>guard(lock);
                                read_finished_condition.wait(
                                        guard, 
                                        [&]{
                                                return read_byte_count != -1 || read_error;
                                        }
                                );
                                if(read_error)
                                        std::rethrow_exception(read_error);
                                else
                                        return read_byte_count;
                        }

                        ~AsynchronousReader(){
                                if(byte_source != nullptr){
                                        {
                                                std::unique_lock<std::mutex>guard(lock);
                                                termination_requested = true;
                                        }
                                        read_requested_condition.notify_one();
                                        worker.join();
                                }
                        }

                private:           
                        std::unique_ptr<ByteSourceBase>byte_source;

                        std::thread worker;

                        bool termination_requested;
                        std::exception_ptr read_error;
                        char*buffer;
                        int desired_byte_count;
                        int read_byte_count;

                        std::mutex lock;
                        std::condition_variable read_finished_condition;
                        std::condition_variable read_requested_condition;  
                };
                #endif

                class SynchronousReader{
                public:
                        void init(std::unique_ptr<ByteSourceBase>arg_byte_source){
                                byte_source = std::move(arg_byte_source);
                        }

                        bool is_valid()const{
                                return byte_source != nullptr;
                        }

                        void start_read(char*arg_buffer, int arg_desired_byte_count){
                                buffer = arg_buffer;
                                desired_byte_count = arg_desired_byte_count;
                        }

                        int finish_read(){
                                return byte_source->read(buffer, desired_byte_count);
                        }
                private:
                        std::unique_ptr<ByteSourceBase>byte_source;
                        char*buffer;
                        int desired_byte_count;
                };
        }

        class LineReader{
        private:
                static const int block_len = 1<<24;
                std::unique_ptr<char[]>buffer; // must be constructed before (and thus destructed after) the reader!
                #ifdef CSV_IO_NO_THREAD
                detail::SynchronousReader reader;
                #else
                detail::AsynchronousReader reader;
                #endif
                int data_begin;
                int data_end;

                char file_name[error::max_file_name_length+1];
                unsigned file_line;

                static std::unique_ptr<ByteSourceBase> open_file(const char*file_name){
                        // We open the file in binary mode as it makes no difference under *nix
                        // and under Windows we handle \r\n newlines ourself.
                        FILE*file = std::fopen(file_name, "rb");
                        if(file == 0){
                                int x = errno; // store errno as soon as possible, doing it after constructor call can fail.
                                error::can_not_open_file err;
                                err.set_errno(x);
                                err.set_file_name(file_name);
                                throw err;
                        }
                        return std::unique_ptr<ByteSourceBase>(new detail::OwningStdIOByteSourceBase(file));
                }

                void init(std::unique_ptr<ByteSourceBase>byte_source){
                        file_line = 0;

                        buffer = std::unique_ptr<char[]>(new char[3*block_len]);
                        data_begin = 0;
                        data_end = byte_source->read(buffer.get(), 2*block_len);

                        // Ignore UTF-8 BOM
                        if(data_end >= 3 && buffer[0] == '\xEF' && buffer[1] == '\xBB' && buffer[2] == '\xBF')
                                data_begin = 3;

                        if(data_end == 2*block_len){
                                reader.init(std::move(byte_source));
                                reader.start_read(buffer.get() + 2*block_len, block_len);
                        }
                }

        public:
                LineReader() = delete;
                LineReader(const LineReader&) = delete;
                LineReader&operator=(const LineReader&) = delete;

                explicit LineReader(const char*file_name){
                        set_file_name(file_name);
                        init(open_file(file_name));
                }

                explicit LineReader(const std::string&file_name){
                        set_file_name(file_name.c_str());
                        init(open_file(file_name.c_str()));
                }

                LineReader(const char*file_name, std::unique_ptr<ByteSourceBase>byte_source){
                        set_file_name(file_name);
                        init(std::move(byte_source));
                }

                LineReader(const std::string&file_name, std::unique_ptr<ByteSourceBase>byte_source){
                        set_file_name(file_name.c_str());
                        init(std::move(byte_source));
                }

                LineReader(const char*file_name, const char*data_begin, const char*data_end){
                        set_file_name(file_name);
                        init(std::unique_ptr<ByteSourceBase>(new detail::NonOwningStringByteSource(data_begin, data_end-data_begin)));
                }

                LineReader(const std::string&file_name, const char*data_begin, const char*data_end){
                        set_file_name(file_name.c_str());
                        init(std::unique_ptr<ByteSourceBase>(new detail::NonOwningStringByteSource(data_begin, data_end-data_begin)));
                }

                LineReader(const char*file_name, FILE*file){
                        set_file_name(file_name);
                        init(std::unique_ptr<ByteSourceBase>(new detail::OwningStdIOByteSourceBase(file)));
                }

                LineReader(const std::string&file_name, FILE*file){
                        set_file_name(file_name.c_str());
                        init(std::unique_ptr<ByteSourceBase>(new detail::OwningStdIOByteSourceBase(file)));
                }

                LineReader(const char*file_name, std::istream&in){
                        set_file_name(file_name);
                        init(std::unique_ptr<ByteSourceBase>(new detail::NonOwningIStreamByteSource(in)));
                }

                LineReader(const std::string&file_name, std::istream&in){
                        set_file_name(file_name.c_str());
                        init(std::unique_ptr<ByteSourceBase>(new detail::NonOwningIStreamByteSource(in)));
                }

                void set_file_name(const std::string&file_name){
                        set_file_name(file_name.c_str());
                }

                void set_file_name(const char*file_name){
                        if(file_name != nullptr){
                                strncpy(this->file_name, file_name, error::max_file_name_length);
                                this->file_name[error::max_file_name_length] = '\0';
                        }else{
                                this->file_name[0] = '\0';
                        }
                }

                const char*get_truncated_file_name()const{
                        return file_name;
                }

                void set_file_line(unsigned file_line){
                        this->file_line = file_line;
                }

                unsigned get_file_line()const{
                        return file_line;
                }

                char*next_line(){
                        if(data_begin == data_end)
                                return 0;

                        ++file_line;

                        assert(data_begin < data_end);
                        assert(data_end <= block_len*2);

                        if(data_begin >= block_len){
                                std::memcpy(buffer.get(), buffer.get()+block_len, block_len);
                                data_begin -= block_len;
                                data_end -= block_len;
                                if(reader.is_valid())
                                {
                                        data_end += reader.finish_read();
                                        std::memcpy(buffer.get()+block_len, buffer.get()+2*block_len, block_len);
                                        reader.start_read(buffer.get() + 2*block_len, block_len);
                                }
                        }

                        int line_end = data_begin;
                        while(buffer[line_end] != '\n' && line_end != data_end){
                                ++line_end;
                        }

                        if(line_end - data_begin + 1 > block_len){
                                error::line_length_limit_exceeded err;
                                err.set_file_name(file_name);
                                err.set_file_line(file_line);
                                throw err;
                        }

                        if(buffer[line_end] == '\n'){
                                buffer[line_end] = '\0';
                        }else{
                                // some files are missing the newline at the end of the
                                // last line
                                ++data_end;
                                buffer[line_end] = '\0';
                        }

                        // handle windows \r\n-line breaks
                        if(line_end != data_begin && buffer[line_end-1] == '\r')
                                buffer[line_end-1] = '\0';

                        char*ret = buffer.get() + data_begin;
                        data_begin = line_end+1;
                        return ret;
                }
        };


        ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
        //                                 CSV                                    //
        ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

        namespace error{
                const int max_column_name_length = 63;
                struct with_column_name{
                        with_column_name(){
                                std::memset(column_name, 0, max_column_name_length+1);
                        }
                       
                        void set_column_name(const char*column_name){
                                if(column_name != nullptr){
                                        std::strncpy(this->column_name, column_name, max_column_name_length);
                                        this->column_name[max_column_name_length] = '\0';
                                }else{
                                        this->column_name[0] = '\0';
                                }
                        }

                        char column_name[max_column_name_length+1];
                };


                const int max_column_content_length = 63;

                struct with_column_content{
                        with_column_content(){
                                std::memset(column_content, 0, max_column_content_length+1);
                        }
                       
                        void set_column_content(const char*column_content){
                                if(column_content != nullptr){
                                        std::strncpy(this->column_content, column_content, max_column_content_length);
                                        this->column_content[max_column_content_length] = '\0';
                                }else{
                                        this->column_content[0] = '\0';
                                }
                        }

                        char column_content[max_column_content_length+1];
                };


                struct extra_column_in_header :
                        base,
                        with_file_name,
                        with_column_name{
                        void format_error_message()const{
                                std::snprintf(error_message_buffer, sizeof(error_message_buffer),
                                        "Extra column \"%s\" in header of file \"%s\"."
                                        , column_name, file_name);
                        }
                };

                struct missing_column_in_header :
                        base,
                        with_file_name,
                        with_column_name{
                        void format_error_message()const{
                                std::snprintf(error_message_buffer, sizeof(error_message_buffer),
                                        "Missing column \"%s\" in header of file \"%s\"."
                                        , column_name, file_name);
                        }
                };

                struct duplicated_column_in_header :
                        base,
                        with_file_name,
                        with_column_name{
                        void format_error_message()const{
                                std::snprintf(error_message_buffer, sizeof(error_message_buffer),
                                        "Duplicated column \"%s\" in header of file \"%s\"."
                                        , column_name, file_name);
                        }
                };

                struct header_missing :
                        base,
                        with_file_name{
                        void format_error_message()const{
                                std::snprintf(error_message_buffer, sizeof(error_message_buffer),
                                        "Header missing in file \"%s\"."
                                        , file_name);
                        }
                };

                struct too_few_columns :
                        base,
                        with_file_name,
                        with_file_line{
                        void format_error_message()const{
                                std::snprintf(error_message_buffer, sizeof(error_message_buffer),
                                        "Too few columns in line %d in file \"%s\"."
                                        , file_line, file_name);
                        }
                };

                struct too_many_columns :
                        base,
                        with_file_name,
                        with_file_line{
                        void format_error_message()const{
                                std::snprintf(error_message_buffer, sizeof(error_message_buffer),
                                        "Too many columns in line %d in file \"%s\"."
                                        , file_line, file_name);
                        }
                };

                struct escaped_string_not_closed :
                        base,
                        with_file_name,
                        with_file_line{
                        void format_error_message()const{
                                std::snprintf(error_message_buffer, sizeof(error_message_buffer),
                                        "Escaped string was not closed in line %d in file \"%s\"."
                                        , file_line, file_name);
                        }
                };

                struct integer_must_be_positive :
                        base,
                        with_file_name,
                        with_file_line,
                        with_column_name,
                        with_column_content{
                        void format_error_message()const{
                                std::snprintf(error_message_buffer, sizeof(error_message_buffer),
                                        "The integer \"%s\" must be positive or 0 in column \"%s\" in file \"%s\" in line \"%d\"."
                                        , column_content, column_name, file_name, file_line);
                        }
                };

                struct no_digit :
                        base,
                        with_file_name,
                        with_file_line,
                        with_column_name,
                        with_column_content{
                        void format_error_message()const{
                                std::snprintf(error_message_buffer, sizeof(error_message_buffer),
                                        "The integer \"%s\" contains an invalid digit in column \"%s\" in file \"%s\" in line \"%d\"."
                                        , column_content, column_name, file_name, file_line);
                        }
                };

                struct integer_overflow :
                        base,
                        with_file_name,
                        with_file_line,
                        with_column_name,
                        with_column_content{
                        void format_error_message()const{
                                std::snprintf(error_message_buffer, sizeof(error_message_buffer),
                                        "The integer \"%s\" overflows in column \"%s\" in file \"%s\" in line \"%d\"."
                                        , column_content, column_name, file_name, file_line);
                        }
                };

                struct integer_underflow :
                        base,
                        with_file_name,
                        with_file_line,
                        with_column_name,
                        with_column_content{
                        void format_error_message()const{
                                std::snprintf(error_message_buffer, sizeof(error_message_buffer),
                                        "The integer \"%s\" underflows in column \"%s\" in file \"%s\" in line \"%d\"."
                                        , column_content, column_name, file_name, file_line);
                        }
                };

                struct invalid_single_character :
                        base,
                        with_file_name,
                        with_file_line,
                        with_column_name,
                        with_column_content{
                        void format_error_message()const{
                                std::snprintf(error_message_buffer, sizeof(error_message_buffer),
                                        "The content \"%s\" of column \"%s\" in file \"%s\" in line \"%d\" is not a single character."
                                        , column_content, column_name, file_name, file_line);
                        }
                };
        }

        typedef unsigned ignore_column;
        static const ignore_column ignore_no_column = 0;
        static const ignore_column ignore_extra_column = 1;
        static const ignore_column ignore_missing_column = 2;

        template<char ... trim_char_list>
        struct trim_chars{
        private:
                constexpr static bool is_trim_char(char){
                        return false;
                }
       
                template<class ...OtherTrimChars>
                constexpr static bool is_trim_char(char c, char trim_char, OtherTrimChars...other_trim_chars){
                        return c == trim_char || is_trim_char(c, other_trim_chars...);
                }

        public:
                static void trim(char*&str_begin, char*&str_end){
                        while(str_begin != str_end && is_trim_char(*str_begin, trim_char_list...))
                                ++str_begin;
                        while(str_begin != str_end && is_trim_char(*(str_end-1), trim_char_list...))
                                --str_end;
                        *str_end = '\0';
                }
        };


        struct no_comment{
                static bool is_comment(const char*){
                        return false;
                }
        };

        template<char ... comment_start_char_list>
        struct single_line_comment{
        private:
                constexpr static bool is_comment_start_char(char){
                        return false;
                }
       
                template<class ...OtherCommentStartChars>
                constexpr static bool is_comment_start_char(char c, char comment_start_char, OtherCommentStartChars...other_comment_start_chars){
                        return c == comment_start_char || is_comment_start_char(c, other_comment_start_chars...);
                }

        public:

                static bool is_comment(const char*line){
                        return is_comment_start_char(*line, comment_start_char_list...);
                }
        };

        struct empty_line_comment{
                static bool is_comment(const char*line){
                        if(*line == '\0')
                                return true;
                        while(*line == ' ' || *line == '\t'){
                                ++line;
                                if(*line == 0)
                                        return true;
                        }
                        return false;
                }
        };

        template<char ... comment_start_char_list>
        struct single_and_empty_line_comment{
                static bool is_comment(const char*line){
                        return single_line_comment<comment_start_char_list...>::is_comment(line) || empty_line_comment::is_comment(line);
                }
        };

        template<char sep>
        struct no_quote_escape{
                static const char*find_next_column_end(const char*col_begin){
                        while(*col_begin != sep && *col_begin != '\0')
                                ++col_begin;
                        return col_begin;
                }

                static void unescape(char*&, char*&){

                }
        };

        template<char sep, char quote>
        struct double_quote_escape{
                static const char*find_next_column_end(const char*col_begin){
                        while(*col_begin != sep && *col_begin != '\0')
                                if(*col_begin != quote)
                                        ++col_begin;
                                else{
                                        do{
                                                ++col_begin;
                                                while(*col_begin != quote){
                                                        if(*col_begin == '\0')
                                                                throw error::escaped_string_not_closed();
                                                        ++col_begin;
                                                }
                                                ++col_begin;
                                        }while(*col_begin == quote);
                                }      
                        return col_begin;      
                }

                static void unescape(char*&col_begin, char*&col_end){
                        if(col_end - col_begin >= 2){
                                if(*col_begin == quote && *(col_end-1) == quote){
                                        ++col_begin;
                                        --col_end;
                                        char*out = col_begin;
                                        for(char*in = col_begin; in!=col_end; ++in){
                                                if(*in == quote && (in+1) != col_end && *(in+1) == quote){
                                                         ++in;
                                                }
                                                *out = *in;
                                                ++out;
                                        }
                                        col_end = out;
                                        *col_end = '\0';
                                }
                        }
                       
                }
        };

        struct throw_on_overflow{
                template<class T>
                static void on_overflow(T&){
                        throw error::integer_overflow();
                }
               
                template<class T>
                static void on_underflow(T&){
                        throw error::integer_underflow();
                }
        };

        struct ignore_overflow{
                template<class T>
                static void on_overflow(T&){}
               
                template<class T>
                static void on_underflow(T&){}
        };

        struct set_to_max_on_overflow{
                template<class T>
                static void on_overflow(T&x){
                        x = std::numeric_limits<T>::max();
                }
               
                template<class T>
                static void on_underflow(T&x){
                        x = std::numeric_limits<T>::min();
                }
        };


        namespace detail{
                template<class quote_policy>
                void chop_next_column(
                        char*&line, char*&col_begin, char*&col_end
                ){
                        assert(line != nullptr);

                        col_begin = line;
                        // the col_begin + (... - col_begin) removes the constness
                        col_end = col_begin + (quote_policy::find_next_column_end(col_begin) - col_begin);
                       
                        if(*col_end == '\0'){
                                line = nullptr;
                        }else{
                                *col_end = '\0';
                                line = col_end + 1;    
                        }
                }

                template<class trim_policy, class quote_policy>
                void parse_line(
                        char*line,
                        char**sorted_col,
                        const std::vector<int>&col_order
                ){
                        for(std::size_t i=0; i<col_order.size(); ++i){
                                if(line == nullptr)
                                        throw ::io::error::too_few_columns();
                                char*col_begin, *col_end;
                                chop_next_column<quote_policy>(line, col_begin, col_end);

                                if(col_order[i] != -1){
                                        trim_policy::trim(col_begin, col_end);
                                        quote_policy::unescape(col_begin, col_end);
                                                               
                                        sorted_col[col_order[i]] = col_begin;
                                }
                        }
                        if(line != nullptr)
                                throw ::io::error::too_many_columns();
                }

                template<unsigned column_count, class trim_policy, class quote_policy>
                void parse_header_line(
                        char*line,
                        std::vector<int>&col_order,
                        const std::string*col_name,
                        ignore_column ignore_policy
                ){
                        col_order.clear();

                        bool found[column_count];
                        std::fill(found, found + column_count, false);
                        while(line){
                                char*col_begin,*col_end;
                                chop_next_column<quote_policy>(line, col_begin, col_end);

                                trim_policy::trim(col_begin, col_end);
                                quote_policy::unescape(col_begin, col_end);
                               
                                for(unsigned i=0; i<column_count; ++i)
                                        if(col_begin == col_name[i]){
                                                if(found[i]){
                                                        error::duplicated_column_in_header err;
                                                        err.set_column_name(col_begin);
                                                        throw err;
                                                }
                                                found[i] = true;
                                                col_order.push_back(i);
                                                col_begin = 0;
                                                break;
                                        }
                                if(col_begin){
                                        if(ignore_policy & ::io::ignore_extra_column)
                                                col_order.push_back(-1);
                                        else{
                                                error::extra_column_in_header err;
                                                err.set_column_name(col_begin);
                                                throw err;
                                        }
                                }
                        }
                        if(!(ignore_policy & ::io::ignore_missing_column)){
                                for(unsigned i=0; i<column_count; ++i){
                                        if(!found[i]){
                                                error::missing_column_in_header err;
                                                err.set_column_name(col_name[i].c_str());
                                                throw err;
                                        }
                                }
                        }
                }

                template<class overflow_policy>
                void parse(char*col, char &x){
                        if(!*col)
                                throw error::invalid_single_character();
                        x = *col;
                        ++col;
                        if(*col)
                                throw error::invalid_single_character();
                }
               
                template<class overflow_policy>
                void parse(char*col, std::string&x){
                        x = col;
                }

                template<class overflow_policy>
                void parse(char*col, const char*&x){
                        x = col;
                }

                template<class overflow_policy>
                void parse(char*col, char*&x){
                        x = col;
                }

                template<class overflow_policy, class T>
                void parse_unsigned_integer(const char*col, T&x){
                        x = 0;
                        while(*col != '\0'){
                                if('0' <= *col && *col <= '9'){
                                        T y = *col - '0';
                                        if(x > (std::numeric_limits<T>::max()-y)/10){
                                                overflow_policy::on_overflow(x);
                                                return;
                                        }
                                        x = 10*x+y;
                                }else
                                        throw error::no_digit();
                                ++col;
                        }
                }

                template<class overflow_policy>void parse(char*col, unsigned char &x)
                        {parse_unsigned_integer<overflow_policy>(col, x);}
                template<class overflow_policy>void parse(char*col, unsigned short &x)
                        {parse_unsigned_integer<overflow_policy>(col, x);}
                template<class overflow_policy>void parse(char*col, unsigned int &x)
                        {parse_unsigned_integer<overflow_policy>(col, x);}
                template<class overflow_policy>void parse(char*col, unsigned long &x)
                        {parse_unsigned_integer<overflow_policy>(col, x);}
                template<class overflow_policy>void parse(char*col, unsigned long long &x)
                        {parse_unsigned_integer<overflow_policy>(col, x);}
               
                template<class overflow_policy, class T>
                void parse_signed_integer(const char*col, T&x){
                        if(*col == '-'){
                                ++col;

                                x = 0;
                                while(*col != '\0'){
                                        if('0' <= *col && *col <= '9'){
                                                T y = *col - '0';
                                                if(x < (std::numeric_limits<T>::min()+y)/10){
                                                        overflow_policy::on_underflow(x);
                                                        return;