diff --git a/contrib/cube/cube.sql.in b/contrib/cube/cube.sql.in
index b67ee622600c4ddb1b86dd4546804f1ed377a9b8..ba616b5722191e34ebefeeb906ed7695e76d0591 100644
--- a/contrib/cube/cube.sql.in
+++ b/contrib/cube/cube.sql.in
@@ -28,25 +28,25 @@ COMMENT ON TYPE cube IS
 -- Left/Right methods
 
 CREATE FUNCTION cube_over_left(cube, cube) RETURNS bool
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c';
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c' with (isstrict);
 
 COMMENT ON FUNCTION cube_over_left(cube, cube) IS
 'is over and left of (NOT IMPLEMENTED)';
 
 CREATE FUNCTION cube_over_right(cube, cube) RETURNS bool
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c';
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c' with (isstrict);
 
 COMMENT ON FUNCTION cube_over_right(cube, cube) IS
 'is over and right of (NOT IMPLEMENTED)';
 
 CREATE FUNCTION cube_left(cube, cube) RETURNS bool
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c';
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c' with (isstrict);
 
 COMMENT ON FUNCTION cube_left(cube, cube) IS
 'is left of (NOT IMPLEMENTED)';
 
 CREATE FUNCTION cube_right(cube, cube) RETURNS bool
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c';
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c' with (isstrict);
 
 COMMENT ON FUNCTION cube_right(cube, cube) IS
 'is right of (NOT IMPLEMENTED)';
@@ -55,43 +55,43 @@ COMMENT ON FUNCTION cube_right(cube, cube) IS
 -- Comparison methods
 
 CREATE FUNCTION cube_lt(cube, cube) RETURNS bool
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c';
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c' with (isstrict);
 
 COMMENT ON FUNCTION cube_lt(cube, cube) IS
 'lower than';
 
 CREATE FUNCTION cube_gt(cube, cube) RETURNS bool
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c';
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c' with (isstrict);
 
 COMMENT ON FUNCTION cube_gt(cube, cube) IS
 'greater than';
 
 CREATE FUNCTION cube_contains(cube, cube) RETURNS bool
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c';
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c' with (isstrict);
 
 COMMENT ON FUNCTION cube_contains(cube, cube) IS
 'contains';
 
 CREATE FUNCTION cube_contained(cube, cube) RETURNS bool
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c';
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c' with (isstrict);
 
 COMMENT ON FUNCTION cube_contained(cube, cube) IS
 'contained in';
 
 CREATE FUNCTION cube_overlap(cube, cube) RETURNS bool
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c';
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c' with (isstrict);
 
 COMMENT ON FUNCTION cube_overlap(cube, cube) IS
 'overlaps';
 
 CREATE FUNCTION cube_same(cube, cube) RETURNS bool
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c';
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c' with (isstrict);
 
 COMMENT ON FUNCTION cube_same(cube, cube) IS
 'same as';
 
 CREATE FUNCTION cube_different(cube, cube) RETURNS bool
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c';
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c' with (isstrict);
 
 COMMENT ON FUNCTION cube_different(cube, cube) IS
 'different';
@@ -99,13 +99,13 @@ COMMENT ON FUNCTION cube_different(cube, cube) IS
 -- support routines for indexing
 
 CREATE FUNCTION cube_union(cube, cube) RETURNS cube
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c';
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c' with (isstrict);
 
 CREATE FUNCTION cube_inter(cube, cube) RETURNS cube
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c';
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c' with (isstrict);
 
 CREATE FUNCTION cube_size(cube) RETURNS float4
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c';
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c' with (isstrict);
 
 
 -- Misc N-dimensional functions
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ CREATE FUNCTION cube_size(cube) RETURNS float4
 -- proximity routines
 
 CREATE FUNCTION cube_distance(cube, cube) RETURNS float4
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c';
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c' with (isstrict);
 
 
 --
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ CREATE FUNCTION g_cube_decompress(opaque) RETURNS opaque
 	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c';
 
 CREATE FUNCTION g_cube_penalty(opaque,opaque,opaque) RETURNS opaque
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c';
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c' with (isstrict);
 
 CREATE FUNCTION g_cube_picksplit(opaque, opaque) RETURNS opaque
 	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c';
diff --git a/contrib/intarray/_int.sql.in b/contrib/intarray/_int.sql.in
index 2214bef21f19044848c0d32adb5213e3016ab83c..a07013337b90db9d51718ef2788fe415a7d29ea2 100644
--- a/contrib/intarray/_int.sql.in
+++ b/contrib/intarray/_int.sql.in
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ BEGIN TRANSACTION;
 -- Comparison methods
 
 CREATE FUNCTION _int_contains(_int4, _int4) RETURNS bool
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c';
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c' with (isstrict);
 
 INSERT INTO pg_description (objoid, description)
    SELECT oid, 'contains'::text
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ INSERT INTO pg_description (objoid, description)
    WHERE proname = '_int_contains'::name;
 
 CREATE FUNCTION _int_contained(_int4, _int4) RETURNS bool
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c';
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c' with (isstrict);
 
 INSERT INTO pg_description (objoid, description)
    SELECT oid, 'contained in'::text
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ INSERT INTO pg_description (objoid, description)
    WHERE proname = '_int_contained'::name;
 
 CREATE FUNCTION _int_overlap(_int4, _int4) RETURNS bool
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c';
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c' with (isstrict);
 
 INSERT INTO pg_description (objoid, description)
    SELECT oid, 'overlaps'::text
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ INSERT INTO pg_description (objoid, description)
    WHERE proname = '_int_overlap'::name;
 
 CREATE FUNCTION _int_same(_int4, _int4) RETURNS bool
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c';
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c' with (isstrict);
 
 INSERT INTO pg_description (objoid, description)
    SELECT oid, 'same as'::text
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ INSERT INTO pg_description (objoid, description)
    WHERE proname = '_int_same'::name;
 
 CREATE FUNCTION _int_different(_int4, _int4) RETURNS bool
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c';
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c' with (isstrict);
 
 INSERT INTO pg_description (objoid, description)
    SELECT oid, 'different'::text
@@ -51,10 +51,10 @@ INSERT INTO pg_description (objoid, description)
 -- support routines for indexing
 
 CREATE FUNCTION _int_union(_int4, _int4) RETURNS _int4
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c';
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c' with (isstrict);
 
 CREATE FUNCTION _int_inter(_int4, _int4) RETURNS _int4
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c';
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c' with (isstrict);
 
 --
 -- OPERATORS
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ CREATE FUNCTION g_intbig_decompress(opaque) RETURNS opaque
 	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c';
 
 CREATE FUNCTION g_intbig_penalty(opaque,opaque,opaque) RETURNS opaque
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c';
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c' with (isstrict);
 
 CREATE FUNCTION g_intbig_picksplit(opaque, opaque) RETURNS opaque
 	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c';
diff --git a/contrib/rtree_gist/rtree_gist.sql.in b/contrib/rtree_gist/rtree_gist.sql.in
index 829ddd646881ffe02b62288f40fcb403ee5a3971..68fe8b5edb8179665ae5cabbf7e407d31cef3b40 100644
--- a/contrib/rtree_gist/rtree_gist.sql.in
+++ b/contrib/rtree_gist/rtree_gist.sql.in
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ create function gbox_compress(opaque) returns opaque as 'MODULE_PATHNAME' langua
 
 create function rtree_decompress(opaque) returns opaque as 'MODULE_PATHNAME' language 'C';
 
-create function gbox_penalty(opaque,opaque,opaque) returns opaque as 'MODULE_PATHNAME' language 'C';
+create function gbox_penalty(opaque,opaque,opaque) returns opaque as 'MODULE_PATHNAME' language 'C' with (isstrict);
 
 create function gbox_picksplit(opaque, opaque) returns opaque as 'MODULE_PATHNAME' language 'C';
 
diff --git a/contrib/seg/seg.sql.in b/contrib/seg/seg.sql.in
index 387989f74282a883ed69dc26a2cf4ddf097ac86d..f2c3f834c87d289fe83b134584b1daa8b1d5072e 100644
--- a/contrib/seg/seg.sql.in
+++ b/contrib/seg/seg.sql.in
@@ -28,25 +28,25 @@ COMMENT ON TYPE seg IS
 -- Left/Right methods
 
 CREATE FUNCTION seg_over_left(seg, seg) RETURNS bool
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c';
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c' with (isstrict);
 
 COMMENT ON FUNCTION seg_over_left(seg, seg) IS
 'is over and left of';
 
 CREATE FUNCTION seg_over_right(seg, seg) RETURNS bool
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c';
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c' with (isstrict);
 
 COMMENT ON FUNCTION seg_over_right(seg, seg) IS
 'is over and right of';
 
 CREATE FUNCTION seg_left(seg, seg) RETURNS bool
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c';
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c' with (isstrict);
 
 COMMENT ON FUNCTION seg_left(seg, seg) IS
 'is left of';
 
 CREATE FUNCTION seg_right(seg, seg) RETURNS bool
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c';
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c' with (isstrict);
 
 COMMENT ON FUNCTION seg_right(seg, seg) IS
 'is right of';
@@ -55,55 +55,55 @@ COMMENT ON FUNCTION seg_right(seg, seg) IS
 -- Comparison methods
 
 CREATE FUNCTION seg_lt(seg, seg) RETURNS bool
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c';
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c' with (isstrict);
 
 COMMENT ON FUNCTION seg_lt(seg, seg) IS
 'less than';
 
 CREATE FUNCTION seg_le(seg, seg) RETURNS bool
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c';
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c' with (isstrict);
 
 COMMENT ON FUNCTION seg_le(seg, seg) IS
 'less than or equal';
 
 CREATE FUNCTION seg_gt(seg, seg) RETURNS bool
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c';
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c' with (isstrict);
 
 COMMENT ON FUNCTION seg_gt(seg, seg) IS
 'greater than';
 
 CREATE FUNCTION seg_ge(seg, seg) RETURNS bool
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c';
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c' with (isstrict);
 
 COMMENT ON FUNCTION seg_ge(seg, seg) IS
 'greater than or equal';
 
 CREATE FUNCTION seg_contains(seg, seg) RETURNS bool
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c';
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c' with (isstrict);
 
 COMMENT ON FUNCTION seg_contains(seg, seg) IS
 'contains';
 
 CREATE FUNCTION seg_contained(seg, seg) RETURNS bool
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c';
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c' with (isstrict);
 
 COMMENT ON FUNCTION seg_contained(seg, seg) IS
 'contained in';
 
 CREATE FUNCTION seg_overlap(seg, seg) RETURNS bool
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c';
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c' with (isstrict);
 
 COMMENT ON FUNCTION seg_overlap(seg, seg) IS
 'overlaps';
 
 CREATE FUNCTION seg_same(seg, seg) RETURNS bool
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c';
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c' with (isstrict);
 
 COMMENT ON FUNCTION seg_same(seg, seg) IS
 'same as';
 
 CREATE FUNCTION seg_different(seg, seg) RETURNS bool
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c';
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c' with (isstrict);
 
 COMMENT ON FUNCTION seg_different(seg, seg) IS
 'different';
@@ -111,21 +111,21 @@ COMMENT ON FUNCTION seg_different(seg, seg) IS
 -- support routines for indexing
 
 CREATE FUNCTION seg_union(seg, seg) RETURNS seg
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c';
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c' with (isstrict);
 
 CREATE FUNCTION seg_inter(seg, seg) RETURNS seg
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c';
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c' with (isstrict);
 
 CREATE FUNCTION seg_size(seg) RETURNS float4
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c';
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c' with (isstrict);
 
 -- miscellaneous
 
 CREATE FUNCTION seg_upper(seg) RETURNS float4
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c';
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c' with (isstrict);
 
 CREATE FUNCTION seg_lower(seg) RETURNS float4
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c';
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c' with (isstrict);
 
 
 --
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ CREATE FUNCTION gseg_decompress(opaque) RETURNS opaque
 	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c';
 
 CREATE FUNCTION gseg_penalty(opaque,opaque,opaque) RETURNS opaque
-	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c';
+	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c' with (isstrict);
 
 CREATE FUNCTION gseg_picksplit(opaque, opaque) RETURNS opaque
 	AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME' LANGUAGE 'c';
diff --git a/src/backend/access/gist/gist.c b/src/backend/access/gist/gist.c
index c99c4a7e6e32b505e873cec43a9f498772d4c029..4d0cbb6d9c53dbe65c72c9ee97538ec62c75b603 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/gist/gist.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/gist/gist.c
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
  * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
  *
  * IDENTIFICATION
- *	  $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/src/backend/access/gist/gist.c,v 1.80 2001/07/15 22:48:15 tgl Exp $
+ *	  $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/src/backend/access/gist/gist.c,v 1.81 2001/08/10 14:34:28 momjian Exp $
  *
  *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
  */
@@ -43,6 +43,24 @@
 #define RIGHT_ADDED	0x02
 #define BOTH_ADDED	( LEFT_ADDED | RIGHT_ADDED )
 
+/*
+ * This defines only for shorter code, used in gistgetadjusted
+ * and gistadjsubkey only
+ */
+#define FILLITEM(evp, isnullkey, okey, okeyb, rkey, rkeyb)   do { \
+        if ( isnullkey ) {                                        \
+                gistentryinit((evp), rkey, r, (Page) NULL ,       \
+                        (OffsetNumber) 0, rkeyb, FALSE);          \
+        } else {                                                  \
+                gistentryinit((evp), okey, r, (Page) NULL,        \
+                        (OffsetNumber) 0, okeyb, FALSE);          \
+        }                                                         \
+} while(0)
+
+#define FILLEV(isnull1, key1, key1b, isnull2, key2, key2b) do { \
+	FILLITEM(*ev0p, isnull1, key1, key1b, key2, key2b);     \
+	FILLITEM(*ev1p, isnull2, key2, key2b, key1, key1b);     \
+} while(0);
 
 /* Working state for gistbuild and its callback */
 typedef struct
@@ -91,8 +109,12 @@ static IndexTuple gistgetadjusted(Relation r,
 				GISTSTATE *giststate);
 static int gistfindgroup( GISTSTATE *giststate, 
 			GISTENTRY *valvec, GIST_SPLITVEC * spl );
+static void gistadjsubkey(Relation r,
+                  IndexTuple *itup, int *len,
+		  GIST_SPLITVEC *v,
+                  GISTSTATE *giststate);
 static IndexTuple gistFormTuple( GISTSTATE *giststate, 
-			Relation r, Datum attdata[], int datumsize[] );
+			Relation r, Datum attdata[], int datumsize[], bool isnull[] );
 static IndexTuple *gistSplit(Relation r,
 		  Buffer buffer,
 		  IndexTuple *itup,
@@ -113,11 +135,15 @@ static IndexTuple gist_tuple_replacekey(Relation r,
 static void gistcentryinit(GISTSTATE *giststate, int nkey,
 			   GISTENTRY *e, Datum k,
 			   Relation r, Page pg,
-			   OffsetNumber o, int b, bool l);
-static bool gistDeCompressAtt( 	GISTSTATE *giststate, Relation r, 
+			   OffsetNumber o, int b, bool l, bool isNull);
+static void gistDeCompressAtt( 	GISTSTATE *giststate, Relation r, 
 				IndexTuple tuple, Page p, OffsetNumber o, 
-				GISTENTRY attdata[], bool decompvec[] );
+				GISTENTRY attdata[], bool decompvec[], bool isnull[] );
 static void gistFreeAtt(  Relation r, GISTENTRY attdata[], bool decompvec[] );
+static void gistpenalty( GISTSTATE *giststate, int attno, 
+			GISTENTRY *key1, bool isNull1,
+			GISTENTRY *key2, bool isNull2, 
+			float *penalty );
 #undef GISTDEBUG
 
 #ifdef GISTDEBUG
@@ -210,38 +236,43 @@ gistbuildCallback(Relation index,
 	GISTENTRY	tmpcentry;
 	int			i;
 
+	/* GiST cannot index tuples with leading NULLs */ 
+	if (  nulls[0] == 'n' )
+		return; 
+
 	/* immediately compress keys to normalize */
 	for (i = 0; i < buildstate->numindexattrs; i++)
 	{
-		gistcentryinit(&buildstate->giststate, i, &tmpcentry, attdata[i],
-					   (Relation) NULL, (Page) NULL, (OffsetNumber) 0,
-					   -1 /* size is currently bogus */ , TRUE);
-		if (attdata[i] != tmpcentry.key &&
-			!(buildstate->giststate.keytypbyval))
-			compvec[i] = TRUE;
-		else
+		if ( nulls[i]=='n' ) {
+			attdata[i] = (Datum) 0;
 			compvec[i] = FALSE;
-		attdata[i] = tmpcentry.key;
+		} else {
+			gistcentryinit(&buildstate->giststate, i, &tmpcentry, attdata[i],
+					   (Relation) NULL, (Page) NULL, (OffsetNumber) 0,
+					   -1 /* size is currently bogus */ , TRUE, FALSE);
+			if (attdata[i] != tmpcentry.key &&
+				!(buildstate->giststate.attbyval[i]))
+				compvec[i] = TRUE;
+			else
+				compvec[i] = FALSE;
+			attdata[i] = tmpcentry.key;
+		}
 	}
 
 	/* form an index tuple and point it at the heap tuple */
 	itup = index_formtuple(RelationGetDescr(index), attdata, nulls);
 	itup->t_tid = htup->t_self;
 
-	/* GIST indexes don't index nulls, see notes in gistinsert */
-	if (! IndexTupleHasNulls(itup))
-	{
-		/*
-		 * Since we already have the index relation locked, we call
-		 * gistdoinsert directly.  Normal access method calls dispatch
-		 * through gistinsert, which locks the relation for write.	This
-		 * is the right thing to do if you're inserting single tups, but
-		 * not when you're initializing the whole index at once.
-		 */
-		gistdoinsert(index, itup, NULL, &buildstate->giststate);
+	/*
+	 * Since we already have the index relation locked, we call
+	 * gistdoinsert directly.  Normal access method calls dispatch
+	 * through gistinsert, which locks the relation for write.	This
+	 * is the right thing to do if you're inserting single tups, but
+	 * not when you're initializing the whole index at once.
+	 */
+	gistdoinsert(index, itup, NULL, &buildstate->giststate);
 
-		buildstate->indtuples += 1;
-	}
+	buildstate->indtuples += 1;
 
 	for (i = 0; i < buildstate->numindexattrs; i++)
 		if (compvec[i])
@@ -279,37 +310,36 @@ gistinsert(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 	 * here.
 	 */
 
+	/* GiST cannot index tuples with leading NULLs */ 
+	if (  nulls[0] == 'n' ) {
+		res = NULL;
+		PG_RETURN_POINTER(res);
+	} 
+
 	initGISTstate(&giststate, r);
 
 	/* immediately compress keys to normalize */
 	for (i = 0; i < r->rd_att->natts; i++)
 	{
-		gistcentryinit(&giststate, i, &tmpentry, datum[i],
-					   (Relation) NULL, (Page) NULL, (OffsetNumber) 0,
-					   -1 /* size is currently bogus */ , TRUE);
-		if (datum[i] != tmpentry.key && !(giststate.keytypbyval))
-			compvec[i] = TRUE;
-		else
+		if ( nulls[i]=='n' ) {
+			datum[i] = (Datum) 0;
 			compvec[i] = FALSE;
-		datum[i] = tmpentry.key;
+		} else {
+			gistcentryinit(&giststate, i, &tmpentry, datum[i],
+					   (Relation) NULL, (Page) NULL, (OffsetNumber) 0,
+					   -1 /* size is currently bogus */ , TRUE, FALSE );
+			if (datum[i] != tmpentry.key && !(giststate.attbyval[i]))
+				compvec[i] = TRUE;
+			else
+				compvec[i] = FALSE;
+			datum[i] = tmpentry.key;
+		}
 	}
 	itup = index_formtuple(RelationGetDescr(r), datum, nulls);
 	itup->t_tid = *ht_ctid;
 
-	/*
-	 * Currently, GIST indexes do not support indexing NULLs; considerable
-	 * infrastructure work would have to be done to do anything reasonable
-	 * with a NULL.
-	 */
-	if (IndexTupleHasNulls(itup))
-	{
-		res = NULL;
-	}
-	else
-	{
-		res = (InsertIndexResult) palloc(sizeof(InsertIndexResultData));
-		gistdoinsert(r, itup, &res, &giststate);
-	}
+	res = (InsertIndexResult) palloc(sizeof(InsertIndexResultData));
+	gistdoinsert(r, itup, &res, &giststate);
 
 	for (i = 0; i < r->rd_att->natts; i++)
 		if (compvec[i] == TRUE)
@@ -352,7 +382,7 @@ gistPageAddItem(GISTSTATE *giststate,
 				   (Relation) 0, (Page) 0,
 				   (OffsetNumber) InvalidOffsetNumber,
 				   ATTSIZE( datum, r, 1, IsNull ),
-				   FALSE);
+				   FALSE, IsNull);
 	gistcentryinit(giststate, 0,&tmpcentry, dentry->key, r, page,
 				   offsetNumber, dentry->bytes, FALSE);
 	*newtup = gist_tuple_replacekey(r, tmpcentry, itup);
@@ -623,45 +653,64 @@ gistunion(Relation r, IndexTuple *itvec, int len, GISTSTATE *giststate) {
 	bool	*needfree;
 	IndexTuple newtup;
 	bool IsNull;
+	int reallen;
 
-	needfree = (bool *) palloc(len * sizeof(bool));
-	evec = (bytea *) palloc(len * sizeof(GISTENTRY) + VARHDRSZ);
-	VARATT_SIZEP(evec) = len * sizeof(GISTENTRY) + VARHDRSZ;
+	needfree = (bool *) palloc((( len==1 ) ? 2 : len ) * sizeof(bool));
+	evec =    (bytea *) palloc((( len==1 ) ? 2 : len ) * sizeof(GISTENTRY) + VARHDRSZ);
 
-	for (j = 0; j < r->rd_att->natts; j++) { 
+	for (j = 0; j < r->rd_att->natts; j++) {
+		reallen=0; 
 		for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
 			datum = index_getattr(itvec[i], j+1, r->rd_att, &IsNull);
+			if ( IsNull ) continue;
+
 			gistdentryinit(giststate, j,
-						   &((GISTENTRY *) VARDATA(evec))[i],
+						   &((GISTENTRY *) VARDATA(evec))[reallen],
 						   datum,
 						   (Relation) NULL, (Page) NULL, (OffsetNumber) NULL,
-						   ATTSIZE( datum, r, j+1, IsNull ), FALSE);
-			if ( DatumGetPointer(((GISTENTRY *) VARDATA(evec))[i].key) != NULL
-				 && ((GISTENTRY *) VARDATA(evec))[i].key != datum ) 
-				needfree[i] = TRUE;
+						   ATTSIZE( datum, r, j+1, IsNull ), FALSE, IsNull);
+			if ( (!giststate->attbyval[j]) &&  
+				  ((GISTENTRY *) VARDATA(evec))[reallen].key != datum ) 
+				needfree[reallen] = TRUE;
 			else
-				needfree[i] = FALSE; 
+				needfree[reallen] = FALSE;
+			reallen++;
 		}
 
-		datum = FunctionCall2(&giststate->unionFn[j],
+		if ( reallen == 0 ) {
+			attr[j] = (Datum) 0;
+			isnull[j] = 'n';
+			whatfree[j] = FALSE;
+		} else {
+			if ( reallen == 1 ) {
+				VARATT_SIZEP(evec) = 2 * sizeof(GISTENTRY) + VARHDRSZ;
+				gistentryinit(((GISTENTRY *) VARDATA(evec))[1], 
+					((GISTENTRY *) VARDATA(evec))[0].key, r, (Page) NULL, 
+					(OffsetNumber) 0, ((GISTENTRY *) VARDATA(evec))[0].bytes, FALSE);
+
+			} else {
+				VARATT_SIZEP(evec) = reallen * sizeof(GISTENTRY) + VARHDRSZ;
+			}
+			datum = FunctionCall2(&giststate->unionFn[j],
 							  PointerGetDatum(evec),
 							  PointerGetDatum(&datumsize));
+	
+			for (i = 0; i < reallen; i++)
+				if ( needfree[i] )
+					pfree(DatumGetPointer(((GISTENTRY *) VARDATA(evec))[i].key));
 
-		for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
-			if ( needfree[i] )
-				pfree(DatumGetPointer(((GISTENTRY *) VARDATA(evec))[i].key));
-
-		gistcentryinit(giststate, j, &centry[j], datum,
-			(Relation) NULL, (Page) NULL, (OffsetNumber) NULL,
-			datumsize, FALSE);
-		isnull[j] = DatumGetPointer(centry[j].key) != NULL ? ' ' : 'n';
-		attr[j] =  centry[j].key;
-		if ( DatumGetPointer(centry[j].key) != NULL ) {
-			whatfree[j] = TRUE;
-			if ( centry[j].key != datum )
-				pfree(DatumGetPointer(datum));
-		} else 
-			whatfree[j] = FALSE;
+			gistcentryinit(giststate, j, &centry[j], datum,
+				(Relation) NULL, (Page) NULL, (OffsetNumber) NULL,
+				datumsize, FALSE, FALSE);
+			isnull[j] = ' ';
+			attr[j] =  centry[j].key;
+			if ( !giststate->attbyval[j] ) {
+				whatfree[j] = TRUE;
+				if ( centry[j].key != datum )
+					pfree(DatumGetPointer(datum));
+			} else 
+				whatfree[j] = FALSE;
+		}
 	}
 
 	pfree(evec);
@@ -675,6 +724,7 @@ gistunion(Relation r, IndexTuple *itvec, int len, GISTSTATE *giststate) {
 	return newtup;
 }
 
+
 /*
  * Forms union of oldtup and addtup, if union == oldtup then return NULL
  */
@@ -695,6 +745,8 @@ gistgetadjusted(Relation r, IndexTuple oldtup, IndexTuple addtup, GISTSTATE *gis
 			   *ev1p;
 	bool		olddec[INDEX_MAX_KEYS],
 				adddec[INDEX_MAX_KEYS];
+	bool		oldisnull[INDEX_MAX_KEYS],
+			addisnull[INDEX_MAX_KEYS];
 
 	IndexTuple	newtup = NULL;
 	int j;
@@ -705,54 +757,56 @@ gistgetadjusted(Relation r, IndexTuple oldtup, IndexTuple addtup, GISTSTATE *gis
 	ev1p = &((GISTENTRY *) VARDATA(evec))[1];
 	
 	gistDeCompressAtt( giststate, r, oldtup, (Page) NULL, 
-		(OffsetNumber) 0, oldatt, olddec);
+		(OffsetNumber) 0, oldatt, olddec, oldisnull);
 
 	gistDeCompressAtt( giststate, r, addtup, (Page) NULL, 
-		(OffsetNumber) 0, addatt, adddec);
+		(OffsetNumber) 0, addatt, adddec, addisnull);
 
 		
 	for( j=0; j<r->rd_att->natts; j++ ) {
-		gistentryinit(*ev0p, oldatt[j].key, r, (Page) NULL, 
-			(OffsetNumber) 0, oldatt[j].bytes, FALSE);
-		gistentryinit(*ev1p, addatt[j].key, r, (Page) NULL, 
-			(OffsetNumber) 0, addatt[j].bytes, FALSE);
-
-		datum = FunctionCall2(&giststate->unionFn[j],
-							  PointerGetDatum(evec),
-							  PointerGetDatum(&datumsize));
-
-		if (!(DatumGetPointer(ev0p->key) != NULL &&
-			  DatumGetPointer(ev1p->key) != NULL))
-			result = (DatumGetPointer(ev0p->key) == NULL &&
-					  DatumGetPointer(ev1p->key) == NULL);
-		else
-		{
-			FunctionCall3(&giststate->equalFn[j],
+		if ( oldisnull[j] && addisnull[j] ) {
+			isnull[j] = 'n';
+			attr[j] = (Datum) 0;
+			whatfree[j] = FALSE;
+		} else {
+			FILLEV(
+				oldisnull[j], oldatt[j].key, oldatt[j].bytes, 
+				addisnull[j], addatt[j].key, addatt[j].bytes
+			);
+	
+			datum = FunctionCall2(&giststate->unionFn[j],
+						  PointerGetDatum(evec),
+						  PointerGetDatum(&datumsize));
+
+			if ( oldisnull[j] || addisnull[j] ) {
+				if ( oldisnull[j] )
+					neednew = true;
+			} else { 
+				FunctionCall3(&giststate->equalFn[j],
 						  ev0p->key,
 						  datum,
 						  PointerGetDatum(&result));
-		}
-		if ( !result ) 
-			neednew = true;
+		
+				if ( !result ) 
+					neednew = true;
+			}
 
-		if ( olddec[j] && DatumGetPointer(oldatt[j].key) != NULL )
-			pfree( DatumGetPointer(oldatt[j].key) );
-		if ( adddec[j] && DatumGetPointer(addatt[j].key) != NULL )
-			pfree( DatumGetPointer(addatt[j].key) );
+			if ( olddec[j] ) pfree( DatumGetPointer(oldatt[j].key) );
+			if ( adddec[j] ) pfree( DatumGetPointer(addatt[j].key) );
 
-		gistcentryinit(giststate, j, &centry[j], datum,
-			(Relation) NULL, (Page) NULL, (OffsetNumber) NULL,
-			datumsize, FALSE);
+			gistcentryinit(giststate, j, &centry[j], datum,
+				(Relation) NULL, (Page) NULL, (OffsetNumber) NULL,
+				datumsize, FALSE, FALSE);
 	
-		isnull[j] = DatumGetPointer(centry[j].key) != NULL ? ' ' : 'n';
-		attr[j] =  centry[j].key;
-		if ( DatumGetPointer(centry[j].key) != NULL ) {
-			whatfree[j] = TRUE;
-			if ( centry[j].key != datum )
-				pfree(DatumGetPointer(datum));
-		} else
-			whatfree[j] = FALSE;
-
+			isnull[j] = ' ';
+			attr[j] =  centry[j].key;
+			if ( (!giststate->attbyval[j]) ) {
+				whatfree[j] = TRUE;
+				if ( centry[j].key != datum )
+					pfree(DatumGetPointer(datum));
+			} else
+				whatfree[j] = FALSE;
+		}
 	} 
 	pfree(evec);
 
@@ -779,6 +833,8 @@ gistunionsubkey( Relation r, GISTSTATE *giststate, IndexTuple *itvec, GIST_SPLIT
 	bytea      *evec;
 	Datum		datum;
 	int datumsize;
+	int reallen;
+	bool	*isnull;
 
 	for(lr=0;lr<=1;lr++) {	
 		if ( lr ) {
@@ -786,59 +842,64 @@ gistunionsubkey( Relation r, GISTSTATE *giststate, IndexTuple *itvec, GIST_SPLIT
 			attr = spl->spl_lattr;
 			len = spl->spl_nleft;
 			entries = spl->spl_left;
+			isnull = spl->spl_lisnull;
 		} else {
 			attrsize = spl->spl_rattrsize;
 			attr = spl->spl_rattr;
 			len = spl->spl_nright;
 			entries = spl->spl_right;
+			isnull = spl->spl_risnull;
 		}
 
 	 	needfree =  (bool *) palloc( (( len==1 ) ? 2 : len ) * sizeof(bool));
 		evec     = (bytea *) palloc( (( len==1 ) ? 2 : len ) * sizeof(GISTENTRY) + VARHDRSZ);
-		VARATT_SIZEP(evec) =         (( len==1 ) ? 2 : len ) * sizeof(GISTENTRY) + VARHDRSZ;
 		for (j = 1; j < r->rd_att->natts; j++) {
+			reallen = 0;
 			for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
 				if ( spl->spl_idgrp[ entries[i] ] )
-				{
-					datum = (Datum) 0;
-					IsNull = true;
-				} else
-					datum = index_getattr(itvec[ entries[i]-1 ], j+1,
-										  r->rd_att, &IsNull);
+					continue;
+				datum = index_getattr(itvec[ entries[i]-1 ], j+1,
+									  r->rd_att, &IsNull);
+				if ( IsNull )
+					continue;
 				gistdentryinit(giststate, j,
-							   &((GISTENTRY *) VARDATA(evec))[i],
+							   &((GISTENTRY *) VARDATA(evec))[reallen],
 							   datum,
 							   (Relation) NULL, (Page) NULL,
 							   (OffsetNumber) NULL,
-							   ATTSIZE( datum, r, j+1, IsNull ), FALSE);
-				if ( DatumGetPointer(((GISTENTRY *) VARDATA(evec))[i].key) != NULL &&
-						((GISTENTRY *) VARDATA(evec))[i].key != datum )
-					needfree[i] = TRUE;
+							   ATTSIZE( datum, r, j+1, IsNull ), FALSE, IsNull);
+				if ( (!giststate->attbyval[j]) &&
+						((GISTENTRY *) VARDATA(evec))[reallen].key != datum )
+					needfree[reallen] = TRUE;
 				else
-					needfree[i] = FALSE;
+					needfree[reallen] = FALSE;
+				reallen++;
 			
 			} 
-			if ( len == 1 &&
-				 DatumGetPointer(((GISTENTRY *) VARDATA(evec))[0].key) == NULL)
+			if ( reallen == 0 ) 
 			{
 				datum = (Datum) 0;
 				datumsize = 0;
+				isnull[j] = true;
 			} else {
 				/*
 				 * ((GISTENTRY *) VARDATA(evec))[0].bytes may be not defined,
 				 * so form union with itself
 				 */
-				if ( len == 1 ) {
+				if ( reallen == 1 ) {
+					VARATT_SIZEP(evec) = 2 * sizeof(GISTENTRY) + VARHDRSZ;
 					memcpy(	(void*) &((GISTENTRY *) VARDATA(evec))[1],
 						(void*) &((GISTENTRY *) VARDATA(evec))[0],
 						sizeof( GISTENTRY ) );
-				}
+				} else
+					VARATT_SIZEP(evec) = reallen * sizeof(GISTENTRY) + VARHDRSZ;
 				datum = FunctionCall2(&giststate->unionFn[j],
-									  PointerGetDatum(evec),
-									  PointerGetDatum(&datumsize));
+								  PointerGetDatum(evec),
+								  PointerGetDatum(&datumsize));
+				isnull[j] = false;
 			} 
 
-			for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
+			for (i = 0; i < reallen; i++)
 				if ( needfree[i] )
 					pfree(DatumGetPointer(((GISTENTRY *) VARDATA(evec))[i].key));
 			
@@ -859,22 +920,21 @@ gistfindgroup( GISTSTATE *giststate, GISTENTRY *valvec, GIST_SPLITVEC * spl ) {
 	int curid = 1;
 	bool result;
 
+	/* 
+	 * first key is always not null (see gistinsert),
+	 * so we may not check for nulls
+	 */ 
+          
 	for(i=0; i<spl->spl_nleft; i++) {
 		if ( spl->spl_idgrp[ spl->spl_left[i] ]) continue;
 		len = 0;
 		/* find all equal value in right part */
 		for(j=0; j < spl->spl_nright; j++) {
 			if ( spl->spl_idgrp[ spl->spl_right[j] ]) continue;
-			if (!(DatumGetPointer(valvec[ spl->spl_left[i] ].key) != NULL &&
-				  DatumGetPointer(valvec[ spl->spl_right[j]].key) != NULL))
-				result =
-					DatumGetPointer(valvec[ spl->spl_left[i] ].key) == NULL && 
-					DatumGetPointer(valvec[ spl->spl_right[j]].key) == NULL;
-			else
-				FunctionCall3(&giststate->equalFn[0],
-							  valvec[ spl->spl_left[i]  ].key,
-							  valvec[ spl->spl_right[j] ].key,
-							  PointerGetDatum(&result));
+			FunctionCall3(&giststate->equalFn[0],
+						  valvec[ spl->spl_left[i]  ].key,
+						  valvec[ spl->spl_right[j] ].key,
+						  PointerGetDatum(&result));
 			if ( result ) {
 				spl->spl_idgrp[ spl->spl_right[j] ] = curid;
 				len++;
@@ -887,16 +947,10 @@ gistfindgroup( GISTSTATE *giststate, GISTENTRY *valvec, GIST_SPLITVEC * spl ) {
 			/* searching .. */
 			for(j=i+1; j < spl->spl_nleft; j++) {
 				if ( spl->spl_idgrp[ spl->spl_left[j] ]) continue;
-				if (!(DatumGetPointer(valvec[ spl->spl_left[i]].key) != NULL &&
-					  DatumGetPointer(valvec[ spl->spl_left[j]].key) != NULL))
-					result =
-						DatumGetPointer(valvec[ spl->spl_left[i]].key) == NULL && 
-						DatumGetPointer(valvec[ spl->spl_left[j]].key) == NULL;
-				else
-					FunctionCall3(&giststate->equalFn[0],
-								  valvec[ spl->spl_left[i]  ].key,
-								  valvec[ spl->spl_left[j]  ].key,
-								  PointerGetDatum(&result));
+				FunctionCall3(&giststate->equalFn[0],
+							  valvec[ spl->spl_left[i]  ].key,
+							  valvec[ spl->spl_left[j]  ].key,
+							  PointerGetDatum(&result));
 				if ( result ) {
 					spl->spl_idgrp[ spl->spl_left[j] ] = curid;
 					len++;
@@ -910,6 +964,144 @@ gistfindgroup( GISTSTATE *giststate, GISTENTRY *valvec, GIST_SPLITVEC * spl ) {
 	return curid;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Insert equivalent tuples to left or right page
+ * with minimize penalty
+ */
+static void
+gistadjsubkey(Relation r,
+                  IndexTuple *itup,             /* contains compressed entry */
+                  int *len,
+		  GIST_SPLITVEC *v,
+                  GISTSTATE *giststate
+                  ) {
+	int	curlen;
+	OffsetNumber 	*curwpos;
+	bool decfree[INDEX_MAX_KEYS];
+	GISTENTRY entry,identry[INDEX_MAX_KEYS], *ev0p, *ev1p;
+	float lpenalty, rpenalty;
+	bytea      *evec;
+	int 	datumsize;
+	bool isnull[INDEX_MAX_KEYS];
+	int i,j;
+	Datum		datum;
+
+	/* clear vectors */
+	curlen = v->spl_nleft;
+	curwpos = v->spl_left;
+	for( i=0; i<v->spl_nleft;i++ )
+		if ( v->spl_idgrp[ v->spl_left[i] ] == 0 ) {
+			*curwpos = v->spl_left[i];
+			curwpos++;
+		} else
+			curlen--;
+	v->spl_nleft = curlen;
+
+	curlen = v->spl_nright;
+	curwpos = v->spl_right;
+	for( i=0; i<v->spl_nright;i++ )
+		if ( v->spl_idgrp[ v->spl_right[i] ] == 0 ) {
+			*curwpos = v->spl_right[i];
+			curwpos++;
+		} else
+			curlen--;
+	v->spl_nright = curlen;
+
+	evec = (bytea *) palloc(2 * sizeof(GISTENTRY) + VARHDRSZ);
+	VARATT_SIZEP(evec) = 2 * sizeof(GISTENTRY) + VARHDRSZ;
+	ev0p = &((GISTENTRY *) VARDATA(evec))[0];
+	ev1p = &((GISTENTRY *) VARDATA(evec))[1];
+
+	/* add equivalent tuple */
+	for(i = 0; i< *len; i++) {
+		if ( v->spl_idgrp[ i+1 ]==0 ) /* already inserted */
+			continue;
+		gistDeCompressAtt( giststate, r, itup[i], (Page) NULL, (OffsetNumber) 0,
+			identry, decfree, isnull);
+
+		v->spl_ngrp[ v->spl_idgrp[ i+1 ] ]--;
+		if ( v->spl_ngrp[ v->spl_idgrp[ i+1 ] ] == 0 && 
+			(v->spl_grpflag[ v->spl_idgrp[ i+1 ] ] & BOTH_ADDED) != BOTH_ADDED ) {
+
+			/* force last in group */
+			rpenalty = 1.0;
+			lpenalty = ( v->spl_grpflag[ v->spl_idgrp[ i+1 ] ] & LEFT_ADDED ) ? 2.0 : 0.0;
+		} else { 
+			/*where?*/
+			for( j=1; j<r->rd_att->natts; j++ ) {
+				gistentryinit(entry,v->spl_lattr[j], r, (Page) NULL,
+					(OffsetNumber) 0, v->spl_lattrsize[j], FALSE);
+				gistpenalty( giststate, j, &entry, v->spl_lisnull[j], 
+					&identry[j], isnull[j], &lpenalty); 
+
+				gistentryinit(entry,v->spl_rattr[j], r, (Page) NULL,
+					(OffsetNumber) 0, v->spl_rattrsize[j], FALSE);
+				gistpenalty( giststate, j, &entry, v->spl_risnull[j], 
+					&identry[j], isnull[j], &rpenalty); 
+
+				if ( lpenalty != rpenalty ) 
+					break;
+			}
+		}
+		/* add */
+		if ( lpenalty < rpenalty ) {
+			v->spl_grpflag[ v->spl_idgrp[ i+1 ] ] |= LEFT_ADDED;
+			v->spl_left[ v->spl_nleft ] = i+1;
+			v->spl_nleft++;
+			for( j=1; j<r->rd_att->natts; j++ ) {
+				if ( isnull[j] && v->spl_lisnull[j] ) {
+					v->spl_lattr[j] = (Datum) 0;
+					v->spl_lattrsize[j] = 0;
+				} else {
+					FILLEV(
+						v->spl_lisnull[j], v->spl_lattr[j], v->spl_lattrsize[j], 
+						isnull[j], identry[j].key, identry[j].bytes
+					);
+
+					datum = FunctionCall2(&giststate->unionFn[j],
+									  PointerGetDatum(evec),
+									  PointerGetDatum(&datumsize));
+
+					if ( (!giststate->attbyval[j]) && !v->spl_lisnull[j] )
+						pfree( DatumGetPointer(v->spl_lattr[j]) );
+					v->spl_lattr[j] = datum;
+					v->spl_lattrsize[j] = datumsize;
+					v->spl_lisnull[j] = false;
+				}
+			}
+		} else {
+			v->spl_grpflag[ v->spl_idgrp[ i+1 ] ] |= RIGHT_ADDED;
+			v->spl_right[ v->spl_nright ] = i+1;
+			v->spl_nright++;
+			for( j=1; j<r->rd_att->natts; j++ ) {
+				if ( isnull[j] && v->spl_risnull[j] ) {
+					v->spl_rattr[j] = (Datum) 0;
+					v->spl_rattrsize[j] = 0;
+				} else {
+					FILLEV(
+						v->spl_risnull[j], v->spl_rattr[j], v->spl_rattrsize[j], 
+						isnull[j], identry[j].key, identry[j].bytes
+					);
+
+					datum = FunctionCall2(&giststate->unionFn[j],
+									  PointerGetDatum(evec),
+									  PointerGetDatum(&datumsize));
+
+					if ( (!giststate->attbyval[j]) && !v->spl_risnull[j] )
+						pfree( DatumGetPointer(v->spl_rattr[j]) );
+
+					v->spl_rattr[j] = datum;
+					v->spl_rattrsize[j] = datumsize;
+					v->spl_risnull[j] = false;
+				}
+			}
+
+		} 
+		gistFreeAtt( r, identry, decfree );
+	}
+	pfree(evec);
+}
+
 /*
  *	gistSplit -- split a page in the tree.
  */
@@ -980,15 +1172,15 @@ gistSplit(Relation r,
 		datum = index_getattr(itup[i - 1], 1, r->rd_att, &IsNull);
 		gistdentryinit(giststate, 0,&((GISTENTRY *) VARDATA(entryvec))[i],
 					datum, r, p, i,
-					ATTSIZE( datum, r, 1, IsNull ), FALSE);
-		if (((GISTENTRY *) VARDATA(entryvec))[i].key == datum ||
-			DatumGetPointer(((GISTENTRY *) VARDATA(entryvec))[i].key) == NULL)
-			decompvec[i] = FALSE;
-		else
+					ATTSIZE( datum, r, 1, IsNull ), FALSE, IsNull);
+		if ( (!giststate->attbyval[0]) && ((GISTENTRY *) VARDATA(entryvec))[i].key != datum )  
 			decompvec[i] = TRUE;
+		else
+			decompvec[i] = FALSE;
 	}
 
-	/* now let the user-defined picksplit function set up the split vector */
+	/* now let the user-defined picksplit function set up the split vector;
+          in entryvec have no null value!! */
 	FunctionCall2(&giststate->picksplitFn[0],
 				  PointerGetDatum(entryvec),
 				  PointerGetDatum(&v));
@@ -1001,6 +1193,8 @@ gistSplit(Relation r,
 	
 	v.spl_lattr[0] = v.spl_ldatum; 
 	v.spl_rattr[0] = v.spl_rdatum;
+	v.spl_lisnull[0] = false;
+	v.spl_risnull[0] = false;
 
 	/* if index is multikey, then we must to try get smaller
 	 * bounding box for subkey(s)
@@ -1017,126 +1211,12 @@ gistSplit(Relation r,
 		/* form union of sub keys for each page (l,p) */
 		gistunionsubkey( r, giststate, itup, &v );
 
-		/* if possible, we insert equivalrnt tuples
+		/* if possible, we insert equivalent tuples
 		 * with control by penalty for a subkey(s)
                  */
-		if ( MaxGrpId > 1 ) {
-			int	curlen;
-			OffsetNumber 	*curwpos;
-			bool decfree[INDEX_MAX_KEYS];
-			GISTENTRY entry,identry[INDEX_MAX_KEYS], *ev0p, *ev1p;
-			float lpenalty, rpenalty;
-			bytea      *evec;
-			int 	datumsize;
-
-			/* clear vectors */
-			curlen = v.spl_nleft;
-			curwpos = v.spl_left;
-			for( i=0; i<v.spl_nleft;i++ )
-				if ( v.spl_idgrp[ v.spl_left[i] ] == 0 ) {
-					*curwpos = v.spl_left[i];
-					curwpos++;
-				} else
-					curlen--;
-			v.spl_nleft = curlen;
-
-			curlen = v.spl_nright;
-			curwpos = v.spl_right;
-			for( i=0; i<v.spl_nright;i++ )
-				if ( v.spl_idgrp[ v.spl_right[i] ] == 0 ) {
-					*curwpos = v.spl_right[i];
-					curwpos++;
-				} else
-					curlen--;
-			v.spl_nright = curlen;
-
-			evec = (bytea *) palloc(2 * sizeof(GISTENTRY) + VARHDRSZ);
-			VARATT_SIZEP(evec) = 2 * sizeof(GISTENTRY) + VARHDRSZ;
-			ev0p = &((GISTENTRY *) VARDATA(evec))[0];
-			ev1p = &((GISTENTRY *) VARDATA(evec))[1];
+		if ( MaxGrpId > 1 )
+			gistadjsubkey( r,itup,len, &v, giststate );
 
-			/* add equivalent tuple */
-			for(i = 0; i< *len; i++) {
-				if ( v.spl_idgrp[ i+1 ]==0 ) /* already inserted */
-					continue;
-				gistDeCompressAtt( giststate, r, itup[i], (Page) NULL, (OffsetNumber) 0,
-					identry, decfree);
-
-				v.spl_ngrp[ v.spl_idgrp[ i+1 ] ]--;
-				if ( v.spl_ngrp[ v.spl_idgrp[ i+1 ] ] == 0 && 
-					(v.spl_grpflag[ v.spl_idgrp[ i+1 ] ] & BOTH_ADDED) != BOTH_ADDED ) {
-
-					/* force last in group */
-					rpenalty = 1.0;
-					lpenalty = ( v.spl_grpflag[ v.spl_idgrp[ i+1 ] ] & LEFT_ADDED ) ? 2.0 : 0.0;
-				} else { 
-					/*where?*/
-					for( j=1; j<r->rd_att->natts; j++ ) {
-						gistentryinit(entry,v.spl_lattr[j], r, (Page) NULL,
-							(OffsetNumber) 0, v.spl_lattrsize[j], FALSE);
-						FunctionCall3(&giststate->penaltyFn[j],
-							PointerGetDatum(&entry),
-							PointerGetDatum(&identry[j]),
-							PointerGetDatum(&lpenalty));
-	
-						gistentryinit(entry,v.spl_rattr[j], r, (Page) NULL,
-							(OffsetNumber) 0, v.spl_rattrsize[j], FALSE);
-						FunctionCall3(&giststate->penaltyFn[j],
-							PointerGetDatum(&entry),
-							PointerGetDatum(&identry[j]),
-							PointerGetDatum(&rpenalty));
-	
-						if ( lpenalty != rpenalty ) 
-							break;
-					}
-				}
-				/* add */
-				if ( lpenalty < rpenalty ) {
-					v.spl_grpflag[ v.spl_idgrp[ i+1 ] ] |= LEFT_ADDED;
-					v.spl_left[ v.spl_nleft ] = i+1;
-					v.spl_nleft++;
-					for( j=1; j<r->rd_att->natts; j++ ) {
-						gistentryinit(*ev0p, v.spl_lattr[j], r, (Page) NULL, 
-							(OffsetNumber) 0, v.spl_lattrsize[j], FALSE);
-						gistentryinit(*ev1p, identry[j].key, r, (Page) NULL, 
-							(OffsetNumber) 0, identry[j].bytes, FALSE);
-
-						datum = FunctionCall2(&giststate->unionFn[j],
-											  PointerGetDatum(evec),
-											  PointerGetDatum(&datumsize));
-
-						if ( DatumGetPointer(v.spl_lattr[j]) != NULL )
-							pfree( DatumGetPointer(v.spl_lattr[j]) );
-
-						v.spl_lattr[j] = datum;
-						v.spl_lattrsize[j] = datumsize;
-					}
-				} else {
-					v.spl_grpflag[ v.spl_idgrp[ i+1 ] ] |= RIGHT_ADDED;
-					v.spl_right[ v.spl_nright ] = i+1;
-					v.spl_nright++;
-					for( j=1; j<r->rd_att->natts; j++ ) {
-						gistentryinit(*ev0p, v.spl_rattr[j], r, (Page) NULL, 
-							(OffsetNumber) 0, v.spl_rattrsize[j], FALSE);
-						gistentryinit(*ev1p, identry[j].key, r, (Page) NULL, 
-							(OffsetNumber) 0, identry[j].bytes, FALSE);
-
-						datum = FunctionCall2(&giststate->unionFn[j],
-											  PointerGetDatum(evec),
-											  PointerGetDatum(&datumsize));
-
-						if ( DatumGetPointer(v.spl_rattr[j]) != NULL )
-							pfree( DatumGetPointer(v.spl_rattr[j]) );
-
-						v.spl_rattr[j] = datum;
-						v.spl_rattrsize[j] = datumsize;
-					}
-
-				} 
-				gistFreeAtt( r, identry, decfree );
-			}
-			pfree(evec);
-		}		
 		pfree( v.spl_idgrp );
 		pfree( v.spl_grpflag );
 		pfree( v.spl_ngrp );
@@ -1159,6 +1239,7 @@ gistSplit(Relation r,
 	for(i=0; i<v.spl_nright;i++) 
 		rvectup[i] = itup[ v.spl_right[i] - 1 ];
 
+
 	/* write on disk (may be need another split) */
 	if (gistnospace(right, rvectup, v.spl_nright))
 	{
@@ -1167,7 +1248,7 @@ gistSplit(Relation r,
 			  (res && rvectup[nlen - 1] == itup[*len - 1]) ? res : NULL);
 		ReleaseBuffer(rightbuf);
 		for( j=1; j<r->rd_att->natts; j++ ) 
-			if ( DatumGetPointer(v.spl_rattr[j]) != NULL )
+			if ( (!giststate->attbyval[j]) && !v.spl_risnull[j] )
 				pfree( DatumGetPointer(v.spl_rattr[j]) ); 
 	}
 	else
@@ -1182,7 +1263,7 @@ gistSplit(Relation r,
 
 		nlen = 1;
 		newtup = (IndexTuple *) palloc(sizeof(IndexTuple) * 1);
-		newtup[0] = gistFormTuple( giststate, r, v.spl_rattr, v.spl_rattrsize ); 
+		newtup[0] = gistFormTuple( giststate, r, v.spl_rattr, v.spl_rattrsize, v.spl_risnull ); 
 		ItemPointerSet(&(newtup[0]->t_tid), rbknum, 1);
 	}
 
@@ -1197,7 +1278,7 @@ gistSplit(Relation r,
 		ReleaseBuffer(leftbuf);
 
 		for( j=1; j<r->rd_att->natts; j++ ) 
-			if ( DatumGetPointer(v.spl_lattr[j]) != NULL )
+			if ( (!giststate->attbyval[j]) && !v.spl_lisnull[j] )
 				pfree( DatumGetPointer(v.spl_lattr[j]) ); 
 
 		newtup = gistjoinvector(newtup, &nlen, lntup, llen);
@@ -1218,7 +1299,7 @@ gistSplit(Relation r,
 
 		nlen += 1;
 		newtup = (IndexTuple *) repalloc((void *) newtup, sizeof(IndexTuple) * nlen);
-		newtup[nlen - 1] = gistFormTuple( giststate, r, v.spl_lattr, v.spl_lattrsize );
+		newtup[nlen - 1] = gistFormTuple( giststate, r, v.spl_lattr, v.spl_lattrsize, v.spl_lisnull );
 		ItemPointerSet(&(newtup[nlen - 1]->t_tid), lbknum, 1);
 	}
 
@@ -1283,7 +1364,7 @@ gistchoose(Relation r, Page p, IndexTuple it,	/* it has compressed entry */
 	float		sum_grow, which_grow[INDEX_MAX_KEYS];
 	GISTENTRY	entry,
 				identry[INDEX_MAX_KEYS];
-	bool IsNull, decompvec[INDEX_MAX_KEYS];
+	bool IsNull, decompvec[INDEX_MAX_KEYS], isnull[INDEX_MAX_KEYS];
 	int j;
 
 	maxoff = PageGetMaxOffsetNumber(p);
@@ -1292,7 +1373,7 @@ gistchoose(Relation r, Page p, IndexTuple it,	/* it has compressed entry */
 	sum_grow=1;
 	gistDeCompressAtt( giststate, r, 
                                 it, (Page) NULL, (OffsetNumber) 0, 
-                                identry, decompvec );
+                                identry, decompvec, isnull );
 
 	for (i = FirstOffsetNumber; i <= maxoff && sum_grow; i = OffsetNumberNext(i))
 	{
@@ -1301,13 +1382,10 @@ gistchoose(Relation r, Page p, IndexTuple it,	/* it has compressed entry */
 			IndexTuple itup = (IndexTuple) PageGetItem(p, PageGetItemId(p, i));
 
 			datum = index_getattr(itup, j+1, r->rd_att, &IsNull);
-			gistdentryinit(giststate, j, &entry, datum, r, p, i, ATTSIZE( datum, r, j+1, IsNull ), FALSE);
-			FunctionCall3(&giststate->penaltyFn[j],
-						  PointerGetDatum(&entry),
-						  PointerGetDatum(&identry[j]),
-						  PointerGetDatum(&usize));
+			gistdentryinit(giststate, j, &entry, datum, r, p, i, ATTSIZE( datum, r, j+1, IsNull ), FALSE, IsNull);
+			gistpenalty( giststate, j, &entry, IsNull, &identry[j], isnull[j], &usize); 
 
-			if (DatumGetPointer(entry.key) != NULL && entry.key != datum) 
+			if ( (!giststate->attbyval[j]) && entry.key != datum) 
 				pfree(DatumGetPointer(entry.key));
 
 			if ( which_grow[j]<0 || usize < which_grow[j] ) {
@@ -1498,6 +1576,9 @@ initGISTstate(GISTSTATE *giststate, Relation index)
 		fmgr_info(penalty_proc, 	&((giststate->penaltyFn)[i]) 		);
 		fmgr_info(picksplit_proc, 	&((giststate->picksplitFn)[i]) 		);
 		fmgr_info(equal_proc, 		&((giststate->equalFn)[i]) 		);
+
+		giststate->attbyval[i] = 
+			index->rd_att->attrs[i]->attbyval;
 	}
 
 	/* see if key type is different from type of attribute being indexed */
@@ -1584,14 +1665,14 @@ gist_tuple_replacekey(Relation r, GISTENTRY entry, IndexTuple t)
 void
 gistdentryinit(GISTSTATE *giststate, int nkey, GISTENTRY *e,
 			   Datum k, Relation r, Page pg, OffsetNumber o,
-			   int b, bool l)
+			   int b, bool l, bool isNull)
 {
 	GISTENTRY  *dep;
 
 	gistentryinit(*e, k, r, pg, o, b, l);
 	if (giststate->haskeytype)
 	{
-		if ( b ) {
+		if ( b && ! isNull ) {
 			dep = (GISTENTRY *)
 				DatumGetPointer(FunctionCall1(&giststate->decompressFn[nkey],
 										  PointerGetDatum(e)));
@@ -1612,86 +1693,107 @@ gistdentryinit(GISTSTATE *giststate, int nkey, GISTENTRY *e,
 static void
 gistcentryinit(GISTSTATE *giststate, int nkey,
 			   GISTENTRY *e, Datum k, Relation r,
-			   Page pg, OffsetNumber o, int b, bool l)
+			   Page pg, OffsetNumber o, int b, bool l, bool isNull)
 {
 	GISTENTRY  *cep;
 
 	gistentryinit(*e, k, r, pg, o, b, l);
 	if (giststate->haskeytype)
 	{
-		cep = (GISTENTRY *)
-			DatumGetPointer(FunctionCall1(&giststate->compressFn[nkey],
+		if ( ! isNull ) {
+			cep = (GISTENTRY *)
+				DatumGetPointer(FunctionCall1(&giststate->compressFn[nkey],
 										  PointerGetDatum(e)));
-		gistentryinit(*e, cep->key, cep->rel, cep->page, cep->offset,
-					  cep->bytes, cep->leafkey);
-		if (cep != e)
-			pfree(cep);
+			gistentryinit(*e, cep->key, cep->rel, cep->page, cep->offset,
+						  cep->bytes, cep->leafkey);
+			if (cep != e)
+				pfree(cep);
+		} else {
+			gistentryinit(*e, (Datum) 0, r, pg, o, 0, l);
+		}
 	}
 }
 
 static IndexTuple
 gistFormTuple( GISTSTATE *giststate, Relation r,
-			   Datum attdata[], int datumsize[] )
+			   Datum attdata[], int datumsize[], bool isnull[] )
 {
 	IndexTuple	tup;
-	char            isnull[INDEX_MAX_KEYS];
+	char            isnullchar[INDEX_MAX_KEYS];
 	bool    whatfree[INDEX_MAX_KEYS];
 	GISTENTRY       centry[INDEX_MAX_KEYS];
 	Datum	compatt[INDEX_MAX_KEYS];
 	int j;
 	
 	for (j = 0; j < r->rd_att->natts; j++) {
-		gistcentryinit(giststate, j, &centry[j], attdata[j],
-			(Relation) NULL, (Page) NULL, (OffsetNumber) NULL,
-			datumsize[j], FALSE);
-		isnull[j] = DatumGetPointer(centry[j].key) != NULL ? ' ' : 'n';
-		compatt[j] = centry[j].key;
-		if ( DatumGetPointer(centry[j].key) != NULL ) {
-			whatfree[j] = TRUE;
-			if ( centry[j].key != attdata[j] )
-				pfree(DatumGetPointer(attdata[j]));
-		} else
+		if ( isnull[j] ) {
+			isnullchar[j] = 'n';
+			compatt[j] = (Datum) 0;
 			whatfree[j] = FALSE;
+		} else {
+			gistcentryinit(giststate, j, &centry[j], attdata[j],
+				(Relation) NULL, (Page) NULL, (OffsetNumber) NULL,
+				datumsize[j], FALSE, FALSE);
+			isnullchar[j] = ' ';
+			compatt[j] = centry[j].key;
+			if ( !giststate->attbyval[j] ) {
+				whatfree[j] = TRUE;
+				if ( centry[j].key != attdata[j] )
+					pfree(DatumGetPointer(attdata[j]));
+			} else
+				whatfree[j] = FALSE;
+		}
 	}
 
-	tup = (IndexTuple) index_formtuple(r->rd_att, compatt, isnull);
+	tup = (IndexTuple) index_formtuple(r->rd_att, compatt, isnullchar);
 	for (j = 0; j < r->rd_att->natts; j++)
 		if ( whatfree[j] ) pfree(DatumGetPointer(compatt[j]));
 
 	return  tup;
 }  
 
-static bool
+static void
 gistDeCompressAtt( GISTSTATE *giststate, Relation r, IndexTuple tuple, Page p, 
-			OffsetNumber o, GISTENTRY attdata[], bool decompvec[] ) {
-	bool allIsNull=true;
-	bool IsNull;
+			OffsetNumber o, GISTENTRY attdata[], bool decompvec[], bool isnull[] ) {
 	int i;
 	Datum	datum;
 
 	for(i=0; i < r->rd_att->natts; i++ ) {
-		datum = index_getattr(tuple, i+1, r->rd_att, &IsNull);
-		if ( ! IsNull ) allIsNull = false;
+		datum = index_getattr(tuple, i+1, r->rd_att, &isnull[i]);
 		gistdentryinit(giststate, i, &attdata[i],
 					datum, r, p, o,
-					ATTSIZE( datum, r, i+1, IsNull ), FALSE);
-		if (attdata[i].key == datum ||
-			DatumGetPointer(attdata[i].key) == NULL )
+					ATTSIZE( datum, r, i+1, isnull[i] ), FALSE, isnull[i]);
+		if ( giststate->attbyval[i] ) 
 			decompvec[i] = FALSE;
-		else
-			decompvec[i] = TRUE;
+		else {
+			if (attdata[i].key == datum || isnull[i] )
+				decompvec[i] = FALSE;
+			else
+				decompvec[i] = TRUE;
+		}
 	}
-
-	return allIsNull;
 } 
 
 static void
 gistFreeAtt(  Relation r, GISTENTRY attdata[], bool decompvec[] ) {
 	int i;
 	for(i=0; i < r->rd_att->natts; i++ )
-		if ( decompvec[i] && DatumGetPointer(attdata[i].key) != NULL )
+		if ( decompvec[i] )
 			pfree( DatumGetPointer(attdata[i].key) );
 }
+
+static void
+gistpenalty( GISTSTATE *giststate, int attno, 
+		GISTENTRY *key1, bool isNull1, 
+		GISTENTRY *key2, bool isNull2, float *penalty ){
+	if ( giststate->penaltyFn[attno].fn_strict && ( isNull1 || isNull2 ) )
+		*penalty=0.0;
+	else  
+		FunctionCall3(&giststate->penaltyFn[attno],
+				  PointerGetDatum(key1),
+				  PointerGetDatum(key2),
+				  PointerGetDatum(&penalty));
+}
  
 #ifdef GISTDEBUG
 static void
diff --git a/src/backend/access/gist/gistget.c b/src/backend/access/gist/gistget.c
index 028ff601d9f3278af404df5d1fb40c81a8163633..d334b56928e8c8c3bad36a7bc0f36450eefbf7e3 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/gist/gistget.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/gist/gistget.c
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
  * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
  *
  * IDENTIFICATION
- *	  $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/src/backend/access/gist/gistget.c,v 1.28 2001/05/31 18:16:54 tgl Exp $
+ *	  $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/src/backend/access/gist/gistget.c,v 1.29 2001/08/10 14:34:28 momjian Exp $
  *
  *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
  */
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ gistindex_keytest(IndexTuple tuple,
 		gistdentryinit(giststate, key[0].sk_attno-1, &de,
 					   datum, r, p, offset,
 					   IndexTupleSize(tuple) - sizeof(IndexTupleData),
-					   FALSE);
+					   FALSE, isNull);
 
 		if (key[0].sk_flags & SK_COMMUTE)
 		{
diff --git a/src/include/access/gist.h b/src/include/access/gist.h
index b555a195db9d60efa69fd6bf7dc71faf448509e7..af9b7c3b0dc580ba2fde1b38f7db933e8e162eed 100644
--- a/src/include/access/gist.h
+++ b/src/include/access/gist.h
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
  * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2001, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
  * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
  *
- * $Id: gist.h,v 1.29 2001/07/15 22:48:18 tgl Exp $
+ * $Id: gist.h,v 1.30 2001/08/10 14:34:28 momjian Exp $
  *
  *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
  */
@@ -72,6 +72,7 @@ typedef struct GISTSTATE
 	FmgrInfo	penaltyFn[INDEX_MAX_KEYS];
 	FmgrInfo	picksplitFn[INDEX_MAX_KEYS];
 	FmgrInfo	equalFn[INDEX_MAX_KEYS];
+	bool		attbyval[INDEX_MAX_KEYS];
 	bool		haskeytype;
 	bool		keytypbyval;
 } GISTSTATE;
@@ -124,12 +125,14 @@ typedef struct GIST_SPLITVEC
 	Datum		spl_ldatum;		/* Union of keys in spl_left */
 	Datum		spl_lattr[INDEX_MAX_KEYS];  /* Union of subkeys in spl_left */
 	int	   spl_lattrsize[INDEX_MAX_KEYS];
+	bool	   spl_lisnull[INDEX_MAX_KEYS];
 
 	OffsetNumber *spl_right;	/* array of entries that go right */
 	int			spl_nright;		/* size of the array */
 	Datum		spl_rdatum;		/* Union of keys in spl_right */
 	Datum		spl_rattr[INDEX_MAX_KEYS];  /* Union of subkeys in spl_right */
 	int	   spl_rattrsize[INDEX_MAX_KEYS];
+	bool	   spl_risnull[INDEX_MAX_KEYS];
 
 	int 	*spl_idgrp;
 	int  	*spl_ngrp;		   /* number in each group */
@@ -168,7 +171,7 @@ extern void gistfreestack(GISTSTACK *s);
 extern void initGISTstate(GISTSTATE *giststate, Relation index);
 extern void gistdentryinit(GISTSTATE *giststate, int nkey, GISTENTRY *e,
 						   Datum k, Relation r, Page pg, OffsetNumber o,
-						   int b, bool l);
+						   int b, bool l, bool isNull);
 extern StrategyNumber RelationGetGISTStrategy(Relation, AttrNumber,
 											  RegProcedure);